The Biota of the Gordon Natural Area - Plants
Vascular Plants at the GNA
Plant life at the GNA has long held an attraction for both faculty (beginning with Dr. Gordon) and students. Dr. William Overlease conducted extensive research in the GNA, with much of his work focused on the vegetative succession of a former corn field in what is now the western part of the preserve. There have been three site-wide floristic surveys of the GNA: during 1984 (by biology students Jack Holt and Jim Plyler); during 2007 by botanical consultants Jack Holt (the former student) and Janet Ebert; and during 2017-19 in a ‘follow-up’ survey by Jack Holt and Janet Ebert. In 2002, former GNA Stewardship Manager Gerry Hertel began establishing what would become 22 ‘Floristic Health Management’ (FHM) plots. While these were primarily monitored only for woody plants, in 2004 the 18 plots that had been established by that time were also surveyed for herbaceous species. And throughout the history of the GNA there have been many student projects that focused on portions of the GNA flora. Because of this intensity of effort, vascular plants constitute the best-known biotic group at the GNA.
Despite the Gordon’s relatively small size (~ 126 acres) and its proximity to extensive development, the preserve supports an extremely high diversity of native plants (in addition to a large component of introduced plant species). The compiled plant list for the site currently contains 663 species in 364 genera, 110 families, and 56 orders. Five species are on the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program's list of species of conservation concern, and many additional species are locally significant.
It should be noted that these 663 species represent all vascular plant species that have been noted at the Gordon Natural Area since the inception of data collecting. Some species have only been observed a single time, and in some cases, the last observation occurred many years ago. For example, New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus), which was formerly a state-listed species, was last noted in the GNA in 1978.
Perhaps a better measure of the GNA’s vascular plant richness can be obtained by looking only at those species that have been noted since the beginning of 2004 (i.e., at the initiation of comprehensive monitoring in the FHM plots). During that period (i.e., 2004-present), 606 species of vascular plants were noted in the GNA.
You can explore the vascular plant checklist below, or you can access a pdf copy of the checklist.
Asplenium platyneuron (Ebony Spleenwort)
Group: Plants
Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Aspleniaceae
Notes
Common Name: Ebony Spleenwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 52).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 70-71).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 90).
Online Resources for Asplenium platyneuron:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Eastern Hayscented Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dennstaedtiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Hayscented Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2025
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 116).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 115-17).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 81).
Online Resources for Dennstaedtia punctilobula:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern Hayscented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula)
Eastern Hayscented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula)
Athyrium filix. femina (Common Ladyfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Ladyfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2024
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
121637982 (Observed: 6/13/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 70-71).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 86-87).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 95).
Online Resources for Athyrium filix-femina:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Deparia acrostichoides (Silvery Glade Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Silvery Glade Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Athyrium thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv.; Diplazium acrostichoides (Sw.) ButtersYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2019; 2022-2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
121755913 (Observed: 6/13/2022)
121593724 (Observed: 5/25/2016)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 76).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 118-21).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 94).
Online Resources for Deparia acrostichoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Dryopteris carthusiana (Spinulose Woodfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spinulose Woodfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2021
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
45354922 (Observed: 5/7/2020)
68613836 (Observed: 1/25/2021)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 130).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 132-33).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 101).
Wintergreen Species References:
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Dryopteris carthusiana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Spinulose Woodfern (Dryopteris carthusiana)
Spinulose Woodfern (Dryopteris carthusiana)
Dryopteris cristata (Crested Woodfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Crested Woodfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 136).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 136-37).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 102).
Online Resources for Dryopteris cristata:
Dryopteris intermedia (Intermediate Woodfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Intermediate Woodfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 144).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 144-45).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 102).
Online Resources for Dryopteris intermedia:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Matteuccia struthiopteris (Ostrich Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Ostrich Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
42464077 (Observed: 4/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 198).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 162-65).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 52).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 92).
Online Resources for Matteuccia struthiopteris:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris): close-up of fiddlehead
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris): with fertile frond
Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sensitive Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
155652072 (Observed: 4/19/2023)
111945358 (Observed: 4/18/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 200).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 166-69).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 53).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 93).
Online Resources for Onoclea sensibilis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Christmas Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748156 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
191109147 (Observed: 11/15/2023)
168515879 (Observed: 6/20/2023)
64133867 (Observed: 11/3/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 156).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 198-99).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 103).
Online Resources for Polystichum acrostichoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides)
Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides)
Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides)
Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Equisetaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Horsetail
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2021; 2023-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
154291714 (Observed: 4/10/2023)
46767664 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 170).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 340-41).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 73).
Online Resources for Equisetum arvense:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Huperzia lucidula (Shining Clubmoss)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Lycopodiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Shining Clubmoss
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1983-1984; 2004
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 370).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 308-09).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 64).
Online Resources for Huperzia lucidula:
Lycopodium digitatum (Fan Clubmoss)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Lycopodiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fan Clubmoss
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub; Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald) BlanchYear Noted: 1983-1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 358).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 296-97).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 67).
Online Resources for Lycopodium digitatum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Diphasiastrum digitatum)
Botrychium dissectum (Cutleaf Grapefern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Ophioglossaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cutleaf Grapefern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Sceptridium dissectum (Spreng.) LyonYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 244).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 265-67).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 70).
Online Resources for Botrychium dissectum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Sceptridium dissectum)
Botrychium virginianum (Rattlesnake Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Ophioglossaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rattlesnake Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Botrypus virginianus (L.) HolubYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
140054882 (Observed: 5/14/2018)
79316500 (Observed: 5/13/2021)
74364916 (Observed: 4/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 228).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 248-49).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 71).
Online Resources for Botrychium virginianum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Botrypus virginianus)
Images
Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum)
Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum)
Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum)
Osmunda cinnamomea (Cinnamon Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Osmundaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cinnamon Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 256).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 172-73).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 75).
Online Resources for Osmunda cinnamomea:
Fire Effects Information System
iNaturalist (for the synonym Osmundastrum cinnamomeum)
Osmunda claytoniana (Interrupted Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Osmundaceae
Notes
Common Name: Interrupted Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016; 2022-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
119666013 (Observed: 5/31/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 258).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 174-75).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 76).
Online Resources for Osmunda claytoniana:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Osmundaceae
Notes
Common Name: Royal Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 260).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 176-77).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 51).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 76).
Online Resources for Osmunda regalis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Osmunda spectabilis)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Adiantum pedatum (Northern Maidenhair Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Pteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Northern Maidenhair Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
104421434 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
46427851 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 278).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 55-58).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 83).
Online Resources for Adiantum pedatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Northern Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum)
Northern Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum)
Northern Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum)
Northern Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum)
Selaginella apoda (Meadow Spikemoss)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Selaginellaceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Spikemoss
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2018; 2020-2021; 2024-2026
Notes: Known from just one location near the western edge of the GNA. Growing on very steep banks above Plum Run. Approximately one week after this population was discovered, all individuals were 'scoured' by high water after a storm.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
329111044 (Observed: 12/1/2025)
87292568 (Observed: 1/17/2020)
37686905 (Observed: 1/17/2020)
65955636 (Observed: 11/24/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 398).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 374-75).
Online Resources for Selaginella apoda:
Images
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Broad Beechfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Thelypteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broad Beechfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
104421429 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
41784940 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
73879802 (Observed: 4/13/2021)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 314).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 188-89).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 76).
Online Resources for Phegopteris hexagonoptera:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Thelypteris noveboracensis (New York Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Thelypteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: New York Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Parathelypteris novaeboracensis (L.) ChingYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2020; 2022-2023; 2025
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Fairly commonly encountered at the Gordon. As is often the case for ferns in overgrazed habitats, at the Gordon this species can often dominate large areas of the forest floor.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
121756488 (Observed: 6/13/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 308).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 210-11).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 86).
Online Resources for Thelypteris noveboracensis:
Fire Effects Information System
iNaturalist (for the synonym Amauropelta noveboracensis)
Images
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): dominating a good-sized area of the forest floor
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): habit
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis)
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis)
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): close-up of underside of pinna
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): close-up of sori
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis)
Thelypteris palustris (Eastern Marsh Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Thelypteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Marsh Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017; 2022-2023; 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136193771 (Observed: 9/23/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 316).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 212-13).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 54).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 86).
Online Resources for Thelypteris palustris:
Images
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): dominating a good-sized area of the forest floor
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): habit
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): close-up of underside of pinna
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): close-up of the sori
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Acer negundo (Boxelder)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Boxelder
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1971; 1984; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2014; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
Notes: Although a member of the same genus as the Maples (Acer), Box Elder, with it's compound leaves and 'scrubby' habit, does not resemble a typical Maple. However, if you look at the image of the fruits, you'll see the fruits that these are typical Maple fruits.
Note: This species is dioecious (i.e., with a tree having only male or female flowers), so don't expect to see fruits on every tree.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254143 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
41947683 (Observed: 4/11/2020)
76542810 (Observed: 4/29/2021)
41789392 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 719).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 184-186).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 710).
Online Resources for Acer negundo:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Fruits
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Fruits
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Close-up of the twigs
Boxelder (Acer negundo): The green
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Fruits
Boxelder (Acer negundo): The characteristic red staining on the wood. The black lines are fungal 'spalting'
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Male flowers
Acer palmatum (Japanese Maple)
Group: Plants
Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Maple
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Watch List — "Exotic plant species that are severe problems in surrounding states but have not been widely reported in Pennsylvania, OR may naturalize and become a problem in the future and require more monitoring."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2019; 2021-2022
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
75701118 (Observed: 4/29/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 188).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer palmatum:
Images
Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum)
Acer platanoides (Norway Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Norway Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004; 2007-2010; 2013; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Birds; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310247227 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
41789299 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
58272328 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 719).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 192-193).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer platanoides:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): trunk
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): seedling
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): base of stem with milky sap
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): underside of leaf
Acer pseudoplatanus (Sycamore Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Sycamore Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
46430297 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 721).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 201-202).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer pseudoplatanus:
Images
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus): trunk
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus): close-up of fruits
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Acer rubrum (Red Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Red Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748176 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
40103296 (Observed: 3/16/2020)
50917620 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
73156685 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
72393513 (Observed: 3/29/2021)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 46).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 166).
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 721).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 194-196).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer rubrum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): trunk
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): close-up of leaf attachment
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): upper surface of a leaf
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): lower surface of a leaf
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): trunk
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): close-up of the underside of a leaf
Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Silver Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 721).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 196-198).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer saccharinum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Sugar Maple
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1970; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013; 2016; 2018-2020
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254477 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 49).
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 719).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 198-200).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 712).
Online Resources for Acer saccharum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Rhus glabra (Smooth Sumac)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Anacardiaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: këlëkënikwënakw.
Common Name: Smooth Sumac
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Nesting Materials; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 707).
Online Resources for Rhus glabra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Rhus typhina (Staghorn Sumac)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Anacardiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Staghorn Sumac
Growth Habit: Shrub, Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Nesting Materials; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
84896745 (Observed: 6/28/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 320-321).
Online Resources for Rhus typhina:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Toxicodendron radicans (Eastern Poison Ivy)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Anacardiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Poison Ivy
Growth Habit: Shrub, Subshrub, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1971; 1984; 2007; 2012-2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
88177181 (Observed: 7/22/2021)
80222330 (Observed: 5/24/2021)
Online Resources for Toxicodendron radicans:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans): Inflorescence
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans): Close-up of flowers
Aegopodium podagraria (Bishops Goutweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bishop's Goutweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
82199064 (Observed: 6/8/2021)
54857999 (Observed: 7/30/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 863).
Online Resources for Aegopodium podagraria:
Images
Bishop's Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria)
Bishop's Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria): close-up of leaves
Bishop's Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria): close-up of leaves
Cicuta maculata (Spotted Water Hemlock)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spotted Water Hemlock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2023
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 185).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 862).
Online Resources for Cicuta maculata:
Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Poison Hemlock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
280831028 (Observed: 5/13/2025)
77878359 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
52512246 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 866).
Online Resources for Conium maculatum:
Images
Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Cryptotaenia canadensis (Canadian Honewort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Honewort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2011; 2016-2018
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 861).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cryptotaenia canadensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Canadian Honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis)
Canadian Honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis)
Daucus carota (Queen Annes Lace)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Queen Anne's Lace
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
173761436 (Observed: 7/19/2023)
42808563 (Observed: 7/15/2019)
55827429 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Daucus carota:
Images
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Hydrocotyle americana (American Marshpennywort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Marshpennywort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 184).
Online Resources for Hydrocotyle americana:
Osmorhiza claytonii (Claytons Sweetroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Clayton's Sweetroot; Hairy Sweet Cicely
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2009; 2016-2020
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
41044980 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 863).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Brewer, R. 1980. A half-century of changes in the herb layer of a climax deciduous forest in Michigan. Journal of Ecology 68: 823-832.
Online Resources for Osmorhiza claytonii:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Clayton's Sweetroot (Osmorhiza claytonii)
Clayton's Sweetroot (Osmorhiza claytonii)
Clayton's Sweetroot (Osmorhiza claytonii)
Osmorhiza longistylis (Longstyle Sweetroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Longstyle Sweetroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
281052867 (Observed: 5/13/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 863).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Osmorhiza longistylis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Pimpinella saxifraga (Solidstem Burnet Saxifrage)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Solidstem Burnet Saxifrage
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1994
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Pimpinella saxifraga:
Sanicula canadensis (Canadian Blacksnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Blacksnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
139520732 (Observed: 10/20/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 860).
Online Resources for Sanicula canadensis:
Images
Canadian Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula canadensis)
Sanicula odorata (Clustered Blacksnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Clustered Blacksnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2019; 2021-2023; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
13080966 (Observed: 6/3/2018)
159235358 (Observed: 5/2/2023)
79200870 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 860).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Sanicula odorata:
Images
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Sanicula trifoliata (Largefruit Blacksnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Largefruit Blacksnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 860).
Online Resources for Sanicula trifoliata:
Zizia aurea (Meadow Zizia)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Zizia
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Pollinator.org
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 869).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Online Resources for Zizia aurea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Apocynum cannabinum (Hemp Dogbane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apocynaceae
Notes
Common Names: Hemp Dogbane; Indianhemp
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2014; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183393491 (Observed: 9/15/2023)
51630437 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 772).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Apocynum cannabinum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Vinca minor (Common Periwinkle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apocynaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Periwinkle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2016; 2018-2019; 2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants; Human Activities
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
271056424 (Observed: 4/17/2025)
174092670 (Observed: 7/20/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 771).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Vinca minor:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Habit
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Leaves
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Close-up of underside of leaf
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Close-up of leaf bases
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): flower
Ilex crenata (Japanese Holly)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Holly
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2020; 2022-2023; 2025-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
107202638 (Observed: 2/21/2022)
Online Resources for Ilex crenata:
Images
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata)
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata)
Ilex opaca (American Holly)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Holly
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007-2008; 2013; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Animals
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 98).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 148-149).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 852).
Online Resources for Ilex opaca:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Holly (Ilex opaca)
American Holly (Ilex opaca)
Ilex verticillata (Common Winterberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Winterberry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2021; 2025-2026
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
51615403 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 163).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 852).
Online Resources for Ilex verticillata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Angelica Tree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2016
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 27).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 854).
Online Resources for Aralia elata:
Images
Japanese Angelica Tree (Aralia elata)
Japanese Angelica Tree (Aralia elata)
Japanese Angelica Tree (Aralia elata)
Aralia nudicaulis (Wild Sarsaparilla)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Sarsaparilla
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Aralia nudicaulis:
Fire Effects Information System
Aralia racemosa (American Spikenard)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Names: American Spikenard; Black Cohosh
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Aralia racemosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Hedera helix (English Ivy)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: English Ivy
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2008; 2013; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310247281 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
Online Resources for Hedera helix:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Ginseng
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Panax quinquefolius:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
Panax trifolius (Dwarf Ginseng)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Dwarf Ginseng
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
113170706 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
73797782 (Observed: 4/11/2021)
77875767 (Observed: 5/7/2021)
42278892 (Observed: 4/15/2020)
73156188 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Panax trifolius:
Images
Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius)
Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius)
Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius)
Aristolochia serpentaria (Virginia Snakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Snakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Ants
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 401).
Online Resources for Aristolochia serpentaria:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Endodeca serpentaria)
Images
Virginia Snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria)
Asarum canadense (Canadian Wildginger)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Wildginger
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2014; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270879889 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
46023956 (Observed: 5/12/2020)
41188618 (Observed: 4/23/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 399).
Online Resources for Asarum canadense:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Asclepias exaltata (Poke Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Poke Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 774).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Asclepias exaltata:
Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Swamp Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016; 2019-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Larval Host (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Virginia DCR; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
171560021 (Observed: 7/7/2023)
52516111 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
42799714 (Observed: 8/2/2019)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 205).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 774).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Asclepias incarnata:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
Asclepias syriaca (Common Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Larval Host (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310255796 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
85002705 (Observed: 6/25/2021)
46770757 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
50914912 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 775).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Asclepias syriaca:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Asclepias tuberosa (Butterfly Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Butterfly Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2012; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Larval Host (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Virginia DCR; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 776).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Asclepias tuberosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
Achillea millefolium (Common Yarrow)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Yarrow
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2022; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
52517815 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 907).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Achillea millefolium:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium): close-up of one head of flowers
Ageratina altissima (White Snakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Snakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2017-2025
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
59736954 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 961).
Online Resources for Ageratina altissima:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Annual Ragweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Annual Ragweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967-1970; 1972; 1984; 2007; 2016-2023
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58987907 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 938).
Online Resources for Ambrosia artemisiifolia:
Images
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia): close-up of stem
Ambrosia trifida (Great Ragweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Great Ragweed
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1989; 2007; 2017-2023
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
98229846 (Observed: 10/11/2021)
58988285 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 938).
Online Resources for Ambrosia trifida:
Images
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): inflorescence
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): inflorescence
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): upper surface of leaf
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): close-up of stem and leaf bases
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): close-up of flowers
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): close-up of flowers
Antennaria howellii (Howells Pussytoes)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Howell's Pussytoes
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. neodicoica (Greene) Bayer & StebbinsYear Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 902).
Online Resources for Antennaria howellii:
Antennaria neglecta (Field Pussytoes)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Pussytoes
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Allelopathic: Yes
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 902).
Online Resources for Antennaria neglecta:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Antennaria parlinii (Parlins Pussytoes)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Parlin's Pussytoes
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 903).
Online Resources for Antennaria parlinii:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Antennaria plantaginifolia (Womans Tobacco)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Woman's Tobacco
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 903).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Antennaria plantaginifolia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Anthemis cotula (Stinking Chamomile)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Stinking Chamomile
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 909).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Anthemis cotula:
Arctium lappa (Greater Burdock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Greater Burdock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2017; 2019-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
60651576 (Observed: 9/24/2020)
42062388 (Observed: 4/12/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 886).
Online Resources for Arctium lappa:
Images
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): close-up of fruit
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa)
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): basal leaves
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): infructescence
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): infructescence
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): : close-up of stem
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): upper surface of leaf
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): underside of leaf
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): close-up of underside of leaf
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): close-up of fruit
Arctium minus (Lesser Burdock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Lesser Burdock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2017-2018; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
139554649 (Observed: 10/21/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 886).
Online Resources for Arctium minus:
Artemisia annua (Sweet Sagewort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Sweet Sagewort; Sweet Annie
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2024
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
217328889 (Observed: 5/17/2024)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 908).
Online Resources for Artemisia annua:
Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana (White Sagebrush)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Sagebrush
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2022; 2024
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136581391 (Observed: 9/26/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 907).
Online Resources for Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana:
Images
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
Artemisia vulgaris (Common Wormwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Common Wormwood; Common Mugwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022; 2024-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310245813 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
58281795 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
59771438 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 908).
Online Resources for Artemisia vulgaris:
Images
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris): inflorescence
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris): inflorescence
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Bidens bipinnata (Spanish Needles)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Spanish Needles
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 952).
Online Resources for Bidens bipinnata:
Bidens cernua (Nodding Beggartick)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Beggartick
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat); Water
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 952).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Bidens cernua:
Bidens connata (Purplestem Beggarticks)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Purplestem Beggarticks
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018; 2023
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 227).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 953).
Online Resources for Bidens connata:
Bidens frondosa (Devils Beggartick)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Devil's Beggartick
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022; 2024-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136152347 (Observed: 9/22/2022)
58271810 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
60466744 (Observed: 9/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 953).
Online Resources for Bidens frondosa:
Images
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of fruit
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of inflorescence
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of inflorescence
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of inflorescence
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): stem
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Carduus nutans (Nodding Plumeless Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Plumeless Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 884).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Carduus nutans:
Centaurea cyanus (Garden Cornflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Garden Cornflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Growing along the PECO right-of-way. Possibly planted as a dye plant, or brought in on someone's footwear.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
52521317 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 887).
Online Resources for Centaurea cyanus:
Images
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Cichorium intybus (Chicory)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Chicory
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2011; 2017-2018; 2020-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
86906204 (Observed: 7/13/2021)
50585156 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 889).
Online Resources for Cichorium intybus:
Images
Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Chicory (Cichorium intybus): close-up of leaf
Chicory (Cichorium intybus): close-up of flower
Cirsium arvense (Creeping Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Creeping Thistle; Canada Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1967-2000; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
123875283 (Observed: 6/27/2022)
90772796 (Observed: 8/10/2021)
52503689 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
53103171 (Observed: 7/14/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 884).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Cirsium arvense:
Images
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Cirsium discolor (Field Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020; 2022
Allelopathic: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Nesting Materials
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
133124814 (Observed: 8/31/2022)
131999402 (Observed: 8/22/2022)
58658965 (Observed: 9/4/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 885).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Cirsium discolor:
Images
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor)
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): upper surface of leaf
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): lower surface of leaf
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of inflorescence
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of inflorescence
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of flowers
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): developing inflorescence
Cirsium pumilum (Pasture Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Pasture Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Nesting Materials
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 885).
Online Resources for Cirsium pumilum:
Cirsium vulgare (Bull Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Bull Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2007; 2012; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 885).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cirsium vulgare:
Conoclinium coelestinum (Blue Mistflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Blue Mistflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2020
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Notes: Until this species was noted growing in the PECO powerline right-of-way in 2020, it hadn't been noted at the Gordon since the 1984 Site-wide Survey by WCU undergrads Jack Holt and Jim Plyler. However, the single individual that was noted in 2020 most likely represents an escaped cultivar.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
60016111 (Observed: 9/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 959).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Conoclinium coelestinum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum)
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): inflorescence
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): inflorescence
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): close-up of stem
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): upper surface of leaf
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): lower surface of leaf
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): close-up of inflorescence
Conyza canadensis (Canadian Horseweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Horseweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Erigeron canadensis L.Years Noted: 1967-1973; 1984; 1987; 1992; 1997; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 924).
Online Resources for Conyza canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Erigeron canadensis)
Coreopsis tinctoria (Dyers Coreopsis)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Dyer's Coreopsis; Golden Tickseed; Plain's Coreopsis
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020-2021
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Growing along the PECO right-of-way. Possibly planted as a dye plant, or brought in on someone's footwear.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
86314728 (Observed: 7/9/2021)
52519782 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 950).
Online Resources for Coreopsis tinctoria:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Eclipta prostrata (False Daisy)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: False Daisy
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2020; 2025
Notes: Noted in 2020 along the edge of the forest with the OMPA (Organic Materials Processing Area). Then, it was noted again until 2025 when it was seen in the area that had been planted with Alders in the far western GNA.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
314618173 (Observed: 9/17/2025)
58260032 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 944).
Online Resources for Eclipta prostrata:
Images
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata): close-up of inflorescence with fruits
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata): close-up of fruit
Erechtites hieraciifolius (American Burnweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: American Burnweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
312710461 (Observed: 9/9/2025)
171558400 (Observed: 7/7/2023)
57733640 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 936).
Online Resources for Erechtites hieraciifolia:
Images
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): leaf and stem
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): close-up of inflorescence
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): close-up of inflorescence
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): close-up of inflorescence
Erigeron annuus (Eastern Daisy Fleabane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Daisy Fleabane
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Wind
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137018916 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
51622395 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron annuus:
Images
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus)
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus)
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): inflorescence
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): upper surface of leaf
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): underside of leaf
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): inflorescence
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): inflorescence
Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Horseweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Horseweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2023-2024
Dispersed By: Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179030895 (Observed: 8/18/2023)
Online Resources for Erigeron canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Erigeron canadensis)
Erigeron philadelphicus (Philadelphia Fleabane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Philadelphia Fleabane
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2021; 2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Notes: Read a guide to differentiating between Philadelphia Fleabane and Robin's Plantain at bplant.org.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79193660 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron philadelphicus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Erigeron pulchellus (Robins Plantain)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Robin's Plantain
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Notes: Read a guide to differentiating between Philadelphia Fleabane and Robin's Plantain at bplant.org.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron pulchellus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus)
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): close-up of the attachment of a leaf to the stem
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): close-up of the underside of the leaf
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): inflorescence
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): close-up of the disc florets of the inflorescence
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus) being visited by a Margined Calligrapher (Toxomerus marginatus)
Erigeron strigosus (Prairie Fleabane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Prairie Fleabane
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2020
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58280390 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
61265331 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron strigosus:
Images
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus)
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus)
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): inflorescence
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): inflorescence
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): inflorescence
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): underside of leaf
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): close-up of stem with adpressed pubescence
Eupatorium perfoliatum (Common Boneset)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Boneset
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017; 2020-2022; 2024
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
55822687 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 223).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 957).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Eupatorium perfoliatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Eupatorium serotinum (Late Boneset)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Late Boneset; Lateflowering Thoroughwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017; 2020; 2023-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
242937906 (Observed: 9/20/2024)
188177819 (Observed: 10/18/2023)
57688417 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 958).
Online Resources for Eupatorium serotinum:
Images
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Eurybia divaricata (White Wood Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Wood Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster divaricatus L.Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2015; 2017-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748162 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
110758825 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
7848129 (Observed: 9/9/2017)
61592637 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
139873185 (Observed: 10/21/2022)
94206126 (Observed: 8/31/2021)
58988926 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 924).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Eurybia divaricata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
White Wood Aster (Eurybia divaricata)
White Wood Aster (Eurybia divaricata)
Euthamia graminifolia (Flat-top Goldentop)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Flat-top Goldentop
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136927425 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
59003601 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
61768363 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 912).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Euthamia graminifolia:
Images
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia)
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia)
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): upper surface of leaf
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of stem
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): underside of leaf
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of underside of leaf
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): inflorescence
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): inflorescence
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Eutrochium fistulosum (Hollow Joe-Pye Weed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Hollow Joe-Pye Weed; Trumpetweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (Barratt) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Eupatorium fistulosum BarrattYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2021-2022
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
92391454 (Observed: 8/24/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 958).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Eutrochium fistulosum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum): inflorescence
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum): close-up of its flowers
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum): close-up of a single flower
Eutrochium purpureum (Joe Pye Weed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Joe Pye Weed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2022
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Northeast List
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
133908435 (Observed: 8/16/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 959).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Eutrochium purpureum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): leaf upper surface
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): leaf lower surface
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): close-up of the leaf lower surface
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): inflorescence
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): close-up of disc flowers
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): close-up of disc flower
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Galinsoga quadriradiata (Shaggy Soldier)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Shaggy Soldier
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. BlakeYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 949).
Online Resources for Galinsoga quadriradiata:
Helianthus decapetalus (Thinleaf Sunflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Thinleaf Sunflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 946).
Online Resources for Helianthus decapetalus:
Heliopsis helianthoides (False Sunflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: False Sunflower; Smooth Oxeye
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Virginia DCR
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
307490644 (Observed: 8/18/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 943f).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Online Resources for Heliopsis helianthoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Hieracium ×flagellare (Whiplash Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Whiplash Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 897).
Online Resources for Hieracium ×flagellare:
Hieracium caespitosum (Meadow Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Hieracium pratense TauschYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 896).
Online Resources for Hieracium caespitosum:
Fire Effects Information System
Hieracium gronovii (Queendevil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Queendevil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 897).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Hieracium gronovii:
Hieracium paniculatum (Allegheny Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Allegheny Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 898).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Hieracium paniculatum:
Hieracium piloselloides (Tall Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 898).
Online Resources for Hieracium piloselloides:
Fire Effects Information System
Lactuca biennis (Tall Blue Lettuce)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Blue Lettuce
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2023; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179861062 (Observed: 8/23/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 892).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lactuca biennis:
Lactuca canadensis (Canada Lettuce)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canada Lettuce
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 892).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lactuca canadensis:
Images
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Lactuca serriola (Prickly Lettuce)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Prickly Lettuce
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 893).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lactuca serriola:
Lapsana communis (Common Nipplewort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Nipplewort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017; 2020
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
50583417 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 891).
Online Resources for Lapsana communis:
Images
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis)
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close-up of leaf
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close-up of inflorescence
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis)
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): underside of leaf
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close up of pubesence on the underside of leaf
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): the plant when it's in fruit
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close-up of 'capsule'
Leucanthemum vulgare (Oxeye Daisy)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Oxeye Daisy
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Ballistic; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 910).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Leucanthemum vulgare:
Matricaria discoidea (Disc Mayweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Disc Mayweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 909).
Online Resources for Matricaria discoidea:
Packera aurea (Golden Ragwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Golden Ragwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020-2025
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
116588510 (Observed: 5/11/2022)
77515719 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
75465541 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
46531876 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 229).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 935).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Packera aurea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Prenanthes altissima (Tall Rattlesnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Rattlesnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270483739 (Observed: 4/14/2025)
41044511 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
27641323 (Observed: 6/25/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 893).
Online Resources for Prenanthes altissima:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Nabalus altissimus)
Images
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (Rabbit-tobacco)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Rabbit-tobacco
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.Year Noted: 1984
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 904).
Online Resources for Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium:
Rudbeckia hirta (Blackeyed Susan)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Blackeyed Susan
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2020; 2022-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
127013571 (Observed: 7/19/2022)
57688817 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 941).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Rudbeckia hirta:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blackeyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta): inflorescence
Blackeyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta): close-up of inflorescence
Rudbeckia laciniata (Cutleaf Coneflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Cutleaf Coneflower
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 941).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Rudbeckia laciniata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Senecio vulgaris (Old-Man-In-The-Spring)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Old-Man-In-The-Spring
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2017; 2022-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 934).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Senecio vulgaris:
Images
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Solidago altissima (Tall Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968-1990; 2020; 2022
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137440711 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
59770742 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 916).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Solidago altissima:
Images
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Solidago bicolor (White Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Online Resources for Solidago bicolor:
Solidago caesia (Bluestem Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Bluestem Goldenrod; Wreath Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
97894375 (Observed: 10/6/2021)
59765734 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Brewer, R. 1980. A half-century of changes in the herb layer of a climax deciduous forest in Michigan. Journal of Ecology 68: 823-832.
Online Resources for Solidago caesia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Wreath Goldenrod (Solidago caesia)
Solidago canadensis (Canada Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canada Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Solidago canadensis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Solidago flexicaulis (Zigzag Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Zigzag Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2016-2017; 2020-2021
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61145465 (Observed: 9/28/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago flexicaulis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis)
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of phyllaries
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis)
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis)
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): upper surface of leaf
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of stem and leaf base
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): lower surface of leaf
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of inflorescence
Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Giant Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57254394 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago gigantea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea): underside of leaf
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea): close-up of flowers
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea): close-up of flowers
Solidago juncea (Early Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Early Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 918).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago juncea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Solidago nemoralis (Gray Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Gray Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 918).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago nemoralis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Solidago patula (Swamp Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Swamp Goldenrod; Roundleaf Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 919).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago patula:
Solidago rugosa (Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137020347 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
60347533 (Observed: 9/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 920).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago rugosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa)
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa)
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close-up of lower stem
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close-up of upper stem
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): upper surface of leaf
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): lower surface of leaf
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): inflorescence
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): inflorescence
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close up of infloresence and phyllaries
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close up of infloresence
Sonchus asper (Spiny Sowthistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Spiny Sowthistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 895).
Online Resources for Sonchus asper:
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Common Blue Wood Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Blue Wood Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster cordifolius L.Years Noted: 1983-1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 928).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum cordifolium:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (White Panicle Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Panicle Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020; 2022
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136588198 (Observed: 9/26/2022)
60650029 (Observed: 9/24/2020)
62081895 (Observed: 10/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 930).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum lanceolatum:
Images
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum)
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum)
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): upper surface of leaf
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): underside of leaf
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): close-up of underside of leaf
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): close-up of stem
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Calico Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Calico Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster lateriflorus (L.) BrittonYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2024
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
59732628 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
61441693 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 930).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum lateriflorum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Symphyotrichum novae. angliae (New England Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: New England Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster novae-angliae L.Years Noted: 1983-1984; 2000; 2017; 2020-2023
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: Very High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136931182 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
60207385 (Observed: 9/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 930).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum novae-angliae:
Images
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
Symphyotrichum pilosum (Hairy White Oldfield Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy White Oldfield Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster pilosus Willd. var. demotusYears Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136924532 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
61204174 (Observed: 9/28/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 931).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum pilosum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of pubescent stem
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of underside of leaf
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of inflorescence
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of developing fruits
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of the phyllaries
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of the phyllaries
Symphyotrichum puniceum (Swamp Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Swamp Aster; Purplestem Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster puniceus L.Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2022
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137415236 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
136839589 (Observed: 9/28/2022)
136193538 (Observed: 9/23/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 932).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum puniceum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Taraxacum officinale (Common Dandelion)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Common Dandelion; Diente de León
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79192981 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 891).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Taraxacum officinale:
Images
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Vernonia noveboracensis (New York Ironweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: New York Ironweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017; 2019-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Virginia DCR; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310255988 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
52526821 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
57181358 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 889).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Vernonia noveboracensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
Impatiens capensis (Jewelweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Balsaminaceae
Notes
Common Name: Jewelweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1989; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2013; 2016-2020; 2022-2025
Dispersed By: Ballistic; Human Activities; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
59732999 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
55824855 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 167).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 720).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Impatiens capensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Berberis bealei (Leatherleaf Mahonia)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Names: Leatherleaf Mahonia; Beale's Barberry
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Mahonia bealeiYear Noted: 2025-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Berberis bealei:
Images
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Habit
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Close-up of leaf
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Close-up of branch tip that appears to have been browsed
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Close-up of a leaf base and the bract-like lowest pair of leaflets
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Underside of leaflet
Berberis thunbergii (Japanese Barberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Barberry
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1965; 1984; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2026
Dispersed By: Birds; Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748161 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
157084320 (Observed: 4/18/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 409).
Online Resources for Berberis thunbergii:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blue Cohosh
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
75464394 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
49872775 (Observed: 6/16/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 408).
Online Resources for Caulophyllum thalictroides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Names: Mayapple; American Mandrake; Ground Lemon; Devil's Apple
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Reptiles; Turtles
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
209791211 (Observed: 4/26/2024)
110750099 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
110758631 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
163179713 (Observed: 5/22/2023)
153581523 (Observed: 4/5/2023)
45024259 (Observed: 5/5/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 409).
Online Resources for Podophyllum peltatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Alnus serrulata (Hazel Alder)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hazel Alder
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Alnus incana var. serrulataYears Noted: 1984; 2008; 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 20-21).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 610).
Online Resources for Alnus serrulata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Hazel Alder (Alnus serrulata)
Hazel Alder (Alnus serrulata)
Carpinus caroliniana (American Hornbeam)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Names: American Hornbeam; Musclewood; Blue Beech
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013-2014; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
156723973 (Observed: 4/26/2023)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 62).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 118-119).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 159-160).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 613).
Online Resources for Carpinus caroliniana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
Corylus americana (American Hazelnut)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Hazelnut
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 614).
Online Resources for Corylus americana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Ostrya virginiana (Hophornbeam)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hophornbeam
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007-2008; 2018; 2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 123).
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 402).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 155-156).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 613).
Online Resources for Ostrya virginiana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Cynoglossum virginianum (Wild Comfrey)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Comfrey
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2014; 2017; 2019-2021; 2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
159494226 (Observed: 5/3/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 751).
Online Resources for Cynoglossum virginianum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Andersonglossum virginianum)
Images
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Hackelia virginiana (Beggars Lice)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Names: Beggars Lice; Virginia Stickseed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
163689460 (Observed: 5/25/2023)
159491819 (Observed: 5/3/2023)
89830006 (Observed: 8/3/2021)
52518749 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
60458234 (Observed: 9/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 749).
Online Resources for Hackelia virginiana:
Images
Beggars Lice (Hackelia virginiana)
Beggars Lice (Hackelia virginiana)
Mertensia virginica (Virginia Bluebells)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Bluebells
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018-2019
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Mertensia virginica:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Virginia Bluebells (Mertensia virginica)
Virginia Bluebells (Mertensia virginica)
Myosotis scorpioides (Water Forget-Me-Not)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Names: Water Forget-Me-Not; True Forget-Me-Not
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017; 2020; 2023-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
50916745 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 206).
Online Resources for Myosotis scorpioides:
Images
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides)
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides): close-up of leaves
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides): close-up of flower
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides): close-up of center of flower
Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Garlic Mustard
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2026
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Water
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254017 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
271105256 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
163691021 (Observed: 5/25/2023)
154172920 (Observed: 4/9/2023)
99456559 (Observed: 5/14/2020)
5639942 (Observed: 4/10/2017)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 676).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Alliaria petiolata:
Images
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata): young leaves beside and underneath the snow
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouseear Cress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Mouseear Cress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2000
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 693).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Arabidopsis thaliana:
Arabis canadensis (Sicklepod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sicklepod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 674).
Online Resources for Arabis canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Borodinia canadensis)
Arabis lyrata (Lyrate Rockcress)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lyrate Rockcress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017; 2024
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
209136718 (Observed: 4/24/2024)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 675).
Online Resources for Arabis lyrata:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Arabidopsis lyrata)
Barbarea vulgaris (Garden Yellowrocket)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Names: Garden Yellowrocket; Early Wintercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007; 2017-2019; 2021-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
277068290 (Observed: 4/30/2025)
113146324 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
157082758 (Observed: 4/18/2023)
118454560 (Observed: 5/11/2022)
75459319 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
74771869 (Observed: 4/21/2021)
57795826 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 689).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Barbarea vulgaris:
Images
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris)
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris)
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris)
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris): close-up of leaf base
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris): clos-up of a fruit (lying on a leaf)
Brassica rapa (Field Mustard)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Mustard
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Brassica campestris L.Years Noted: 1984; 2008
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Allelopathic: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 678).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Brassica rapa:
Capsella bursa. pastoris (Shepherds Purse)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Shepherd's Purse
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967-1976; 1984; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Capsella bursa-pastoris:
Cardamine bulbosa (Bulbous Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bulbous Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 686).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cardamine bulbosa:
Cardamine concatenata (Cutleaf Toothwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cutleaf Toothwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Dentaria concatenata Michx.; Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex WilldYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018; 2021-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77264494 (Observed: 5/3/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 686).
Online Resources for Cardamine concatenata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata)
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata): inflorescence
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata): close-up of a flower
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata): close-up of a floral bud
Cardamine hirsuta (Hairy Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007-2008; 2017-2019; 2021-2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
336687604 (Observed: 3/15/2019)
108884679 (Observed: 3/18/2022)
73899173 (Observed: 4/13/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 687).
Online Resources for Cardamine hirsuta:
Images
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta)
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta)
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta)
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta): fruit
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta): constriction between the base of the fruit and the peduncle
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta): developing seed
Cardamine impatiens (Narrowleaf Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Narrowleaf Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Ballistic
Notes: An invasive species that has been progressively more abundant at the Gordon during the past six years (at least).
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
146493632 (Observed: 1/11/2023)
40195112 (Observed: 3/18/2020)
46430815 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
Online Resources for Cardamine impatiens:
Images
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Cardamine pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pennsylvania Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2021
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77516466 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
46962430 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 148).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 687).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cardamine pensylvanica:
Images
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed Wallflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wormseed Wallflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erysimum cheiranthoides:
Hesperis matronalis (Dames Rocket)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Dames Rocket
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2017-2018; 2021-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
117769735 (Observed: 5/19/2022)
79566460 (Observed: 5/20/2021)
Online Resources for Hesperis matronalis:
Images
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Lepidium campestre (Field Peppergrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Names: Field Peppergrass; Pepperweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017; 2021
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77511736 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 682).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lepidium campestre:
Images
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Lepidium densiflorum (Common Pepperweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Pepperweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 682).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lepidium densiflorum:
Lepidium virginicum (Virginia Pepperweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Pepperweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 682).
Online Resources for Lepidium virginicum:
Microthlaspi perfoliatum (Claspleaf Pennycress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Claspleaf Pennycress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Online Resources for Microthlaspi perfoliatum:
Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Watercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2017-2020; 2024-2026
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57796849 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 141).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 147).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Nasturtium officinale:
Images
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): plants in a pool in Plum Run
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of leaves
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of leaves
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of inflorescece and fruits
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of inflorescece and fruits
Sisymbrium officinale (Hedgemustard)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hedgemustard
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Sisymbrium officinale:
Thlaspi alliaceum (Roadside Pennycress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Names: Roadside Pennycress; Garlic Penny-cress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017-2018; 2021-2022; 2024-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
268420381 (Observed: 4/3/2025)
118452423 (Observed: 5/23/2022)
74773264 (Observed: 4/21/2021)
Online Resources for Thlaspi alliaceum:
Images
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum)
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum): close-up of leaf
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum): close-up of inflorescence
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum): close-up of fruit
Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Pennycress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017; 2020; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
268405391 (Observed: 4/3/2025)
53101394 (Observed: 7/14/2020)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Thlaspi arvense:
Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese Pachysandra)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Buxaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Pachysandra
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Pachysandra terminalis:
Images
Japanese Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis)
Japanese Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis)
Callitriche heterophylla (Twoheaded Water-starwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Callitrichaceae
Notes
Common Name: Twoheaded Water-starwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 229).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 786).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Callitriche heterophylla:
Images
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Campanula aparinoides (Marsh Bellflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Marsh Bellflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 220).
Online Resources for Campanula aparinoides:
Lobelia inflata (Indian-tobacco)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Names: Indian-tobacco; Puke Weed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020-2021; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
300994876 (Observed: 7/25/2025)
94849486 (Observed: 9/10/2021)
57686666 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 872).
Online Resources for Lobelia inflata:
Images
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata)
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata)
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): developing fruit
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): upper surface of leaf
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): close-up of flower
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): under surface of leaf
Lobelia siphilitica (Great Blue Lobelia)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Great Blue Lobelia
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2023; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
319954013 (Observed: 9/9/2025)
92525143 (Observed: 8/25/2021)
32197451 (Observed: 9/5/2019)
57181263 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
58274717 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 873).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lobelia siphilitica:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Triodanis perfoliata (Clasping Venus Looking-glass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Clasping Venus' Looking-glass
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 871).
Online Resources for Triodanis perfoliata:
Humulus japonicus (Japanese Hop)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cannabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Hop
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2012; 2017-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310253742 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
39925190 (Observed: 9/30/2019)
57677974 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
Online Resources for Humulus japonicus:
Images
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1970; 1984; 1987; 1992; 1996; 1999; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2013; 2015-2026
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
39533008 (Observed: 2/25/2020)
34895358 (Observed: 7/9/2019)
40997396 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
49762313 (Observed: 6/15/2020)
62060383 (Observed: 10/8/2020)
Online Resources for Lonicera japonica:
Images
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of inflorescence
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of inflorescence
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): upper surface of leaf
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): lower surface of leaf
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of fruit
Lonicera maackii (Amur Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Amur Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2014; 2016-2026
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310253648 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
183748186 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
97399674 (Observed: 10/6/2021)
Online Resources for Lonicera maackii:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Lonicera morrowii (Morrows Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Morrow's Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1970-1971; 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Birds
Online Resources for Lonicera morrowii:
Fire Effects Information System
Lonicera sempervirens (Trumpet Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Trumpet Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 972).
Online Resources for Lonicera sempervirens:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Lonicera standishii (Standishs Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Standish's Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Year Noted: 1978
Online Resources for Lonicera standishii:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Lonicera fragrantissima)
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (American Black Elderberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Black Elderberry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Sambucus canadensis L.Years Noted: 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Nesting Materials; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
40998666 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 219).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 966).
Online Resources for Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Sambucus canadensis)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Viburnum acerifolium (Mapleleaf Viburnum)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Mapleleaf Viburnum
Growth Habit: Shrub, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
164700838 (Observed: 5/30/2023)
104468685 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
83681093 (Observed: 6/18/2021)
74365248 (Observed: 4/17/2021)
65099246 (Observed: 11/17/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 962).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Online Resources for Viburnum acerifolium:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Viburnum dentatum (Southern Arrowwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Southern Arrowwood
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015; 2017-2018; 2020
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
49763462 (Observed: 6/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 963).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Online Resources for Viburnum dentatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum)
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): pair of leaves
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): underside of leaf
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): inflorescence
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): close-up of flower
Viburnum dilatatum (Linden Arrowwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Linden Arrowwood
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2021-2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310248323 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
133918860 (Observed: 6/1/2022)
99556907 (Observed: 10/19/2021)
52805734 (Observed: 9/15/2017)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 963).
Online Resources for Viburnum dilatatum:
Images
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Viburnum opulus (European Cranberrybush)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: European Cranberrybush
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 965).
Online Resources for Viburnum opulus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Viburnum plicatum (Japanese Snowball)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Snowball
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1978; 2007; 2017-2019; 2021; 2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
46023059 (Observed: 5/12/2020)
77656063 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 965).
Online Resources for Viburnum plicatum:
Images
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Viburnum prunifolium (Blackhaw)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blackhaw
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2024
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Pollinator.org
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
235561521 (Observed: 8/13/2024)
156596679 (Observed: 4/25/2023)
130150061 (Observed: 8/9/2022)
99653146 (Observed: 10/28/2021)
99629281 (Observed: 10/28/2021)
45211674 (Observed: 5/7/2020)
53788712 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 56-57).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 965).
Monarch Butterfly References
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Online Resources for Viburnum prunifolium:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): seedling
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium)
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium)
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): inflorescence
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): inflorescence
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): close-up of flowers
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): close-up of flowers
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): trunk
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): upper surface of leaves
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): underside of leaves
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): close-up of fruit
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): seedling
Viburnum setigerum (Tea Viburnum)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tea Viburnum
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 966).
Online Resources for Viburnum setigerum:
Viburnum sieboldii (Siebolds Arrowwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Siebold's Arrowwood
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018; 2022; 2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
130149132 (Observed: 8/9/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 966).
Online Resources for Viburnum sieboldii:
Arenaria serpyllifolia (Thymeleaf Sandwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Thymeleaf Sandwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 460).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Arenaria serpyllifolia:
Cerastium fontanum (Common Mouse-ear Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Mouse-ear Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Cerastium holosteoides auct. non Fr.Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Online Resources for Cerastium fontanum:
Cerastium glomeratum (Sticky Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sticky Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Cerastium glomeratum:
Cerastium nutans (Nodding Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 462).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cerastium nutans:
Dianthus armeria (Deptford Pink)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Deptford Pink
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2023; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Dianthus armeria:
Paronychia canadensis (Smooth Forked Nailwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smooth Forked Nailwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 456).
Online Resources for Paronychia canadensis:
Silene antirrhina (Sleepy Silene)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sleepy Silene
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Online Resources for Silene antirrhina:
Silene latifolia (Bladder Campion)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bladder Campion
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Silene alba MillYears Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
50584608 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
58280489 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
Online Resources for Silene latifolia:
Images
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia): close-up of flower
Silene stellata (Widowsfrill)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Widowsfrill
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 468).
Online Resources for Silene stellata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Spergularia salina (Salt Sandspurry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Salt Sandspurry
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Spergularia salina:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Spergularia marina)
Stellaria longifolia (Longleaf Starwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Longleaf Starwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 464).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Stellaria longifolia:
Stellaria media (Common Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
146765753 (Observed: 1/11/2023)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Stellaria media:
Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental Bittersweet)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Celastraceae
Notes
Common Name: Oriental Bittersweet
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1970-1971; 1984; 1999; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
65956800 (Observed: 11/24/2020)
Online Resources for Celastrus orbiculatus:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)
Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)
Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)
Euonymus alatus (Burningbush)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Celastraceae
Notes
Common Name: Burningbush
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011; 2015-2026
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Euonymus alatus:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Burningbush (Euonymus alatus)
Burningbush (Euonymus alatus)
Burningbush (Euonymus alatus)
Euonymus fortunei (Winter Creeper)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Celastraceae
Notes
Common Name: Winter Creeper
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2012; 2016-2026
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
319410388 (Observed: 9/4/2025)
98229990 (Observed: 10/11/2021)
71325867 (Observed: 3/22/2019)
Online Resources for Euonymus fortunei:
Images
Winter Creeper (Euonymus fortunei)
Winter Creeper (Euonymus fortunei)
Winter Creeper (Euonymus fortunei)
Atriplex patula (Spear Saltbush)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spear Saltbush
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 480).
Online Resources for Atriplex patula:
Chenopodium album (Lambsquarters)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lambsquarters
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967-1972; 1984; 1994; 2004; 2007; 2013; 2016; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat); Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 477).
Online Resources for Chenopodium album:
Hypericum perforatum (Common St. Johnswort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Clusiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common St. Johnswort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2009
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 553).
Online Resources for Hypericum perforatum:
Fire Effects Information System
Hypericum prolificum (Shrubby St. Johns-Wort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Clusiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Shrubby St. John's-Wort
Growth Habit: Shrub, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2022-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
149996274 (Observed: 3/1/2023)
126369680 (Observed: 7/15/2022)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 222*).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 553).
Note: An asterisk after a page number signifys that the species is only mentioned on that page.
Online Resources for Hypericum prolificum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Shrubby St. John's-Wort (Hypericum prolificum)
Hypericum punctatum (Spotted St. Johnswort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Clusiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spotted St. Johnswort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2024
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
174671828 (Observed: 7/21/2023)
126364917 (Observed: 7/15/2022)
123875832 (Observed: 6/27/2022)
85262594 (Observed: 7/1/2021)
57689252 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
58992591 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 130).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 553).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Hypericum punctatum:
Images
Spotted St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum)
Spotted St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum)
Spotted St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum): leaves and attachment to stem
Spotted St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum): underside of leaf
Spotted St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum): close-up of flower
Spotted St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum): close-up of flower
Calystegia sepium (Hedge False Bindweed)
Group: Plants
The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Convolvulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hedge False Bindweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Undetermined
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
126377825 (Observed: 7/15/2022)
88173427 (Observed: 7/22/2021)
53782842 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 843).
Online Resources for Calystegia sepium:
Images
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Hedge False Bindweed (Calystegia sepium)
Ipomoea purpurea (Common Morning-Glory)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Convolvulaceae
Notes
Common Names: Common Morning-Glory; Tall Morning-Glory
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2023
Dispersed By: Dispersal Unassisted
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179858765 (Observed: 8/23/2023)
Online Resources for Ipomoea purpurea:
Cornus alternifolia (Alternateleaf Dogwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cornaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: tuwchalakw. Note: The Lenape name is that which was used for the that genus of plants.
Common Name: Alternateleaf Dogwood
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1970; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Birds; Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 97).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 716).
Online Resources for Cornus alternifolia:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Alternateleaf Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
Alternateleaf Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
Alternateleaf Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
Alternateleaf Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
Alternateleaf Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia)
Cornus amomum (Silky Dogwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cornaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: tuwchalakw. Note: The Lenape name is that which was used for the that genus of plants.
Common Name: Silky Dogwood
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2025
Dispersed By: Birds; Mammals (non-bat)
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
123258472 (Observed: 6/24/2022)
83939658 (Observed: 6/21/2021)
84357761 (Observed: 6/24/2021)
58994006 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 188).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 716).
Online Resources for Cornus amomum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum)
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): close-up of bark
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum)
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): close-up of leaf bases
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): upper surface of leaf
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): underside of leaf
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): close-up of leaf underside
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): pith
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): developing fruit
Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum): close-up of flowers
Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cornaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: tuwchalakw. Note: The Lenape name is that which was used for the that genus of plants.
Common Name: Flowering Dogwood
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2004-2005; 2007-2008; 2010-2011; 2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254563 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
76516160 (Observed: 4/29/2021)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 86).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 95).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 716).
Online Resources for Cornus florida:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)
Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)
Nyssa sylvatica (Black Tupelo)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cornaceae
Notes
Common Names: Black Tupelo; Blackgum
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013; 2015-2026
Dispersed By: Birds
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
213194478 (Observed: 5/2/2024)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 120).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 177).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 54-55).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 718).
Online Resources for Nyssa sylvatica:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica)
Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica)
Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica)
Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica)
Penthorum sedoides (Ditch Stonecrop)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Crassulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Ditch Stonecrop
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2022
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137048137 (Observed: 9/30/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 151).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 491).
Online Resources for Penthorum sedoides:
Images
Ditch Stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides)
Ditch Stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides): Upper surface of leaf
Ditch Stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides): Underside of leaf
Ditch Stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides): Fruits
Ditch Stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides): Close-up of fruits
Sedum sarmentosum (Stringy Stonecrop)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Crassulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Stringy Stonecrop
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2018; 2020; 2023; 2025
Notes: One population noted: at the base of the Route 202 ramp at the eastern edge of the GNA.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
41776018 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
Online Resources for Sedum sarmentosum:
Images
Stringy Stonecrop (Sedum sarmentosum)
Stringy Stonecrop (Sedum sarmentosum)
Stringy Stonecrop (Sedum sarmentosum)
Sedum ternatum (Woodland Stonecrop)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Crassulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Woodland Stonecrop
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
146845575 (Observed: 1/18/2023)
77874697 (Observed: 5/7/2021)
40101718 (Observed: 3/16/2020)
45018999 (Observed: 5/5/2020)
54858689 (Observed: 7/30/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 490).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Sedum ternatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Woodland Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum)
Woodland Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum)
Woodland Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum)
Woodland Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum)
Woodland Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum)
Echinocystis lobata (Wild Cucumber)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Cucumber
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
132848661 (Observed: 8/29/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 566).
Online Resources for Echinocystis lobata:
Images
Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata)
Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata)
Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata)
Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata)
Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata)
Sicyos angulatus (Oneseed Bur Cucumber)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Oneseed Bur Cucumber
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1993-1995; 2004; 2007; 2012; 2017-2018; 2022
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 567).
Online Resources for Sicyos angulatus:
Images
Oneseed Bur Cucumber (Sicyos angulatus)
Oneseed Bur Cucumber (Sicyos angulatus)
Oneseed Bur Cucumber (Sicyos angulatus)
Oneseed Bur Cucumber (Sicyos angulatus)
Oneseed Bur Cucumber (Sicyos angulatus)
Cuscuta gronovii (Scaldweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cuscutaceae
Notes
Common Name: Scaldweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2025
Dispersed By: Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
296320711 (Observed: 7/8/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 841).
Online Resources for Cuscuta gronovii:
Images
Scaldweed (Cuscuta gronovii)
Scaldweed (Cuscuta gronovii)
Scaldweed (Cuscuta gronovii)
Dipsacus fullonum (Fullers Teasel)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Dipsacaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fuller's Teasel
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2019-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
108329682 (Observed: 3/10/2022)
88172861 (Observed: 7/22/2021)
83182844 (Observed: 6/14/2021)
57180106 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
59734041 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Dipsacus fullonum:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum): inflorescence
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum): inflorescence
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum): close-up of developing inflorescence
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Elaeagnaceae
Notes
Common Name: Russian Olive
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Year Noted: 1978
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Elaeagnus angustifolia:
Fire Effects Information System
Elaeagnus umbellata (Autumn Olive)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Elaeagnaceae
Notes
Common Name: Autumn Olive
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1984; 1991; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012-2013; 2015-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
135114078 (Observed: 9/14/2022)
100877716 (Observed: 11/11/2021)
83936795 (Observed: 6/21/2021)
40103175 (Observed: 3/16/2020)
46766371 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
58989460 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
Online Resources for Elaeagnus umbellata:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata): underside of leaf
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata): close-up of underside of leaf
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata): close-up of underside of leaf
Lyonia ligustrina (Maleberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ericaceae
Notes
Common Name: Maleberry
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 742).
Online Resources for Lyonia ligustrina:
Fire Effects Information System
Rhododendron periclymenoides (Pinkster Bush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ericaceae
Notes
Common Names: Pinkster Bush; Pink Azalea
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1978; 1984; 2007; 2011; 2016-2020; 2022-2025
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 740).
Online Resources for Rhododendron periclymenoides:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Pink Azalea (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Pinkster Bush (Rhododendron periclymenoides)
Acalypha rhomboidea (Common Threeseed Mercury)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Common Threeseed Mercury; Common Copperleaf
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57678837 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 557).
Online Resources for Acalypha rhomboidea:
Images
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea)
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea)
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea): upper surface of leaf
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea): lower surface of leaf
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea): inflorescence
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea): close-up of inflorescence
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea): close-up of inflorescence
Common Threeseed Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea): inflorescence: close-up of inflorescence
Acalypha virginica (Virginia Threeseed Mercury)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Threeseed Mercury
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 557).
Online Resources for Acalypha virginica:
Chamaesyce maculata (Spotted Sandmat)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spotted Sandmat
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Ants; Ballistic; Human Activities
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 562).
Online Resources for Chamaesyce maculata:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Euphorbia maculata)
Chamaesyce nutans (Eyebane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eyebane
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Euphorbia nutans Lag.Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 562).
Online Resources for Chamaesyce nutans:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Euphorbia nutans)
Albizia julibrissin (Silktree)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Silktree
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2019-2022; 2024
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
81415929 (Observed: 6/2/2021)
53100910 (Observed: 7/14/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 203-205).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 574).
Online Resources for Albizia julibrissin:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Silktree (Albizia julibrissin)
Silktree (Albizia julibrissin)
Silktree (Albizia julibrissin)
Silktree (Albizia julibrissin): close-up of a flower base
Silktree (Albizia julibrissin): close up of the anthers
Silktree (Albizia julibrissin): close-up of inflorescence
Amphicarpaea bracteata (American Hogpeanut)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Hogpeanut
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011; 2013-2014; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Dispersal Prevented
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310255191 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
32484853 (Observed: 9/10/2019)
58542708 (Observed: 9/4/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 586).
Online Resources for Amphicarpaea bracteata:
Images
American Hogpeanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata)
American Hogpeanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata)
Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: nènèskakw.
Common Name: Eastern Redbud
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2008; 2013; 2016; 2020-2021; 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Nesting Materials
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
271105623 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
41947504 (Observed: 4/11/2020)
85480520 (Observed: 6/12/2021)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 74).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 291-292).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 571).
Online Resources for Cercis canadensis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Chamaecrista nictitans (Sensitive Partridge Pea)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sensitive Partridge Pea
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Cassia nictitans L.Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 572).
Online Resources for Chamaecrista nictitans:
Desmodium glabellum (Tall Tick-Trefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Names: Tall Tick-Trefoil; Dillenius' Ticktrefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
56446898 (Observed: 8/14/2020)
Online Resources for Desmodium glabellum:
Desmodium glutinosum (Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 580).
Online Resources for Desmodium glutinosum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Hylodesmum glutinosum)
Images
Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium glutinosum)
Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium glutinosum)
Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium glutinosum)
Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium glutinosum)
Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium glutinosum)
Pointedleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium glutinosum)
Desmodium nudiflorum (Naked-flowered Tick-Trefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Naked-flowered Tick-Trefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2023
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 581).
Online Resources for Desmodium nudiflorum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Hylodesmum nudiflorum)
Desmodium paniculatum (Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 581).
Online Resources for Desmodium paniculatum:
Desmodium perplexum (Perplexed Ticktrefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Perplexed Ticktrefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2017; 2020
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 582).
Online Resources for Desmodium perplexum:
Images
Perplexed Ticktrefoil (Desmodium perplexum)
Perplexed Ticktrefoil (Desmodium perplexum)
Perplexed Ticktrefoil (Desmodium perplexum)
Perplexed Ticktrefoil (Desmodium perplexum)
Perplexed Ticktrefoil (Desmodium perplexum)
Gleditsia triacanthos (Honeylocust)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: kawënshuwik.
Common Name: Honeylocust
Growth Habit: Shrub, Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2020; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Mammals (non-bat)
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
312463671 (Observed: 9/8/2025)
309082628 (Observed: 8/25/2025)
34479284 (Observed: 10/16/2019)
61141964 (Observed: 9/28/2020)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 152-154).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 572).
Online Resources for Gleditsia triacanthos:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos): underside of leaf
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos): close-up of underside of leaflet
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos): : close-up of stem and petiole bases
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos): close-up of a seedling's stem
Lespedeza repens (Creeping Lespedeza)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Creeping Lespedeza
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 584).
Online Resources for Lespedeza repens:
Lespedeza violacea (Violet Lespedeza)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Violet Lespedeza
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Lespedeza intermedia sensu ClewellYears Noted: 1984; 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 584).
Online Resources for Lespedeza violacea:
Lotus corniculatus (Birds-foot Trefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bird's-foot Trefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; Deer; General Zoochory; Water
Online Resources for Lotus corniculatus:
Medicago lupulina (Black Medick)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Black Medick
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Medicago lupulina:
Melilotus officinalis (Sweetclover)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sweetclover
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Melilotus officinalis:
Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: pitëlais.
Common Name: Black Locust
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1987; 1992; 1996; 1999-2000; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2009; 2012-2014; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Dispersal Unassisted
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61140403 (Observed: 9/28/2020)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 169-171).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 589).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Robinia pseudoacacia:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia): underside of leaflets
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia): close-up of underside of leaflet
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia): close-up of base of petiole
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia): close-up of spinose stipules
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia): close-up of a seedling stem
Securigera varia (Crownvetch)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Crownvetch
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Synonyms: Coronilla varia L.Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2011; 2017-2020; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
50585448 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
Online Resources for Securigera varia:
Images
Crownvetch (Securigera varia)
Crownvetch (Securigera varia)
Crownvetch (Securigera varia)
Crownvetch (Securigera varia)
Crownvetch (Securigera varia): close-up of inflorescence
Crownvetch (Securigera varia): close-up of flower
Trifolium aureum (Golden Clover)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Golden Clover
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Trifolium aureum:
Trifolium campestre (Field Clover)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Clover
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Online Resources for Trifolium campestre:
Trifolium hybridum (Alsike Clover)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Alsike Clover
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Trifolium hybridum:
Trifolium pratense (Red Clover)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Red Clover
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57683057 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Trifolium pratense:
Images
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense): leaf
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense): upper surface of leaflet
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense): lower surface of leaflet
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense): inflorescence
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense): close-up of inflorescence
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense): close-up of inflorescence
Trifolium repens (White Clover)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: White Clover
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat); Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Trifolium repens:
Fire Effects Information System
Vicia sativa (Garden Vetch)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Garden Vetch
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Vicia sativa:
Vicia tetrasperma (Lentil Vetch)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lentil Vetch
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Ballistic; Deer; Human Activities; Water
Online Resources for Vicia tetrasperma:
Castanea dentata (American Chestnut)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Chestnut
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1971; 1978; 1984; 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Mammals (non-bat)
Notes: Traits that characterize American Chestnut Buds and Stems (from the American Chestnut Foundation Website - https://acf.org/resources/identification/chinese-american-chestnuts/, Date Accessed: 4/5/2023): \"Pointed buds that angle away from the stem; Stems smooth and hairless; Stem color reddish brown to dark green' Small but numerous lenticels on stem.\"
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 79-81).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 597).
Online Resources for Castanea dentata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Chestnut (Castanea dentata)
American Chestnut (Castanea dentata)
Castanea mollissima (Chinese Chestnut)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: Chinese Chestnut
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1990; 2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
151054916 (Observed: 3/13/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 82).
Online Resources for Castanea mollissima:
Images
Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) burs
Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) bur
Cross-section of a Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) bur
Fagus grandifolia (American Beech)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Beech
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004; 2007-2010; 2013-2026
Dispersed By: Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254089 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
183748155 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
154740945 (Observed: 4/13/2023)
94210489 (Observed: 9/2/2021)
69810886 (Observed: 10/4/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 41-43).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 598).
Online Resources for Fagus grandifolia:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
Quercus acutissima (Sawtooth Oak)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sawtooth Oak
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Watch List — "Exotic plant species that are severe problems in surrounding states but have not been widely reported in Pennsylvania, OR may naturalize and become a problem in the future and require more monitoring."
Year Noted: 2012
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 232-233).
Online Resources for Quercus acutissima:
Quercus alba (White Oak)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: White Oak
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013-2023
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 144).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 223-224).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 600).
Online Resources for Quercus alba:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: Swamp White Oak
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2008; 2013; 2016; 2023
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
163847308 (Observed: 5/26/2023)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 146).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 122).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 222-223).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 600).
Online Resources for Quercus bicolor:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: Scarlet Oak
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 147).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 223-224).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 600).
Online Resources for Quercus coccinea:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Quercus palustris (Pin Oak)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pin Oak
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2019; 2022
Dispersed By: Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
143956047 (Observed: 12/8/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 123).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 229-230).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 603).
Online Resources for Quercus palustris:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: wisahkakw.
Common Name: Northern Red Oak
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2012-2014; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Human Activities
Allelopathic: Yes
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 231-232).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 604).
Online Resources for Quercus rubra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Quercus velutina (Black Oak)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fagaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: pahkamakw.
Common Name: Black Oak
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013; 2016-2018; 2020-2024
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 226-227).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 605).
Online Resources for Quercus velutina:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Dicentra cucullaria (Dutchmans Breeches)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Fumariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Dutchman's Breeches
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 435).
Online Resources for Dicentra cucullaria:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Dutchman's Breeches (Dicentra cucullaria)
Obolaria virginica (Virginia Pennywort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Gentianaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Pennywort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270681366 (Observed: 4/15/2025)
103382139 (Observed: 12/15/2021)
40995765 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
41791905 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
72393991 (Observed: 3/29/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 769).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Obolaria virginica:
Images
Virginia Pennywort (Obolaria virginica)
Virginia Pennywort (Obolaria virginica)
Virginia Pennywort (Obolaria virginica)
Virginia Pennywort (Obolaria virginica)
Virginia Pennywort (Obolaria virginica)
Virginia Pennywort (Obolaria virginica)
Geranium carolinianum (Carolina Geranium)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Geraniaceae
Notes
Common Name: Carolina Geranium
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Geranium carolinianum:
Geranium dissectum (Cutleaf Geranium)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Geraniaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cutleaf Geranium
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Geranium dissectum:
Geranium maculatum (Spotted Geranium)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Geraniaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spotted Geranium
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2018; 2020-2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77524061 (Observed: 5/3/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 507).
Online Resources for Geranium maculatum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Spotted Geranium (Geranium maculatum)
Spotted Geranium (Geranium maculatum)
Ribes (Currant)
Group: Plants
- The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Grossulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Currant
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration:
Origin: Undetermined
Year Noted: 2017-2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Ribes:
Hamamelis virginiana (American Witchhazel)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Hamamelidaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Witchhazel
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1970; 1984; 1992; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013; 2016-2024
Dispersed By: Ballistic; Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
140880305 (Observed: 10/20/2022)
63432533 (Observed: 10/24/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 353-355).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 487).
Online Resources for Hamamelis virginiana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
American Witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
American Witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweetgum)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Hamamelidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sweetgum
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Notes: A single individual noted in the Gordon. Almost certainly introduced from nearby horticultural sources.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
92405052 (Observed: 8/24/2021)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 105).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 322-324).
Online Resources for Liquidambar styraciflua:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua): fruit
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua): close-up of style and stigma
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Philadelphus (Mock Orange)
Group: Plants
- The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Hydrangeaceae
Notes
Common Name: Mock Orange
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration:
Origin: Undetermined
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Online Resources for Philadelphus:
Carya cordiformis (Bitternut Hickory)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Juglandaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: tìtpanimënshi (the name was not found in the Lenape Name Pronunciation Database; 12/14/2023).
Common Name: Bitternut Hickory
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1992; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2023-2024
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
226422465 (Observed: 6/28/2024)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 139-140).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 607).
Online Resources for Carya cordiformis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Carya glabra (Pignut Hickory)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Juglandaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pignut Hickory
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2013-2014; 2016-2021; 2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 143-144).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 608).
Online Resources for Carya glabra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra)
Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra)
Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra)
Carya ovalis (Red Hickory)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Juglandaceae
Notes
Common Name: Red Hickory
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 608).
Online Resources for Carya ovalis:
Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Juglandaceae
Notes
Common Name: Shagbark Hickory
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013-2014; 2016-2026
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
104421441 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
25467385 (Observed: 5/20/2019)
35098442 (Observed: 10/30/2019)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 65).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 144-146).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 608).
Online Resources for Carya ovata:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata)
Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata)
Carya tomentosa (Mockernut Hickory)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Juglandaceae
Notes
Common Name: Mockernut Hickory
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Carya alba (L.) NuttYears Noted: 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013-2014; 2016-2018; 2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
156724978 (Observed: 4/25/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 141-142).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 608).
Online Resources for Carya tomentosa:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Juglandaceae
Notes
Common Name: Black Walnut
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1971; 1984; 1996; 2000; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2008; 2012-2014; 2016-2020; 2022-2025
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310255675 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 334-336).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 609).
Online Resources for Juglans nigra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Agastache nepetoides (Yellow Giant Hyssop)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Yellow Giant Hyssop
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 805).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Agastache nepetoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Ajuga reptans (Carpet Bugleweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Carpet Bugleweed; Common Bugle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2019-2020
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57571430 (Observed: 5/20/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 822).
Online Resources for Ajuga reptans:
Images
Carpet Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans)
Carpet Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans): leaf upper surface
Carpet Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans): inflorescence
Carpet Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans): close-up of flower
Carpet Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans): inflorescence
Carpet Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans): senescing flower
Carpet Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans): underside of leaf
Clinopodium vulgare (Wild Basil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Basil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Satureja vulgaris (L.) FritschYears Noted: 1983-1984; 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 812).
Online Resources for Clinopodium vulgare:
Collinsonia canadensis (Richweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Richweed; Citronella Horse Balm
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2015-2020; 2022-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
334718887 (Observed: 6/18/2024)
135276037 (Observed: 9/16/2022)
57666421 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 803).
Online Resources for Collinsonia canadensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Richweed (Collinsonia canadensis)
Richweed (Collinsonia canadensis)
Richweed (Collinsonia canadensis)
Glechoma hederacea (Gill-over-the-ground)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Gill-over-the-ground; Ground Ivy
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Human Activities; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270869081 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
268421016 (Observed: 4/3/2025)
154853801 (Observed: 4/14/2023)
110579811 (Observed: 4/5/2022)
74364367 (Observed: 4/17/2021)
42062097 (Observed: 4/12/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 806).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Glechoma hederacea:
Images
Gill-over-the-ground (Glechoma hederacea)
Gill-over-the-ground (Glechoma hederacea)
Gill-over-the-ground (Glechoma hederacea)
Gill-over-the-ground (Glechoma hederacea)
Gill-over-the-ground (Glechoma hederacea)
Hedeoma pulegioides (American False Pennyroyal)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: American False Pennyroyal
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 814).
Online Resources for Hedeoma pulegioides:
Lamium amplexicaule (Henbit Deadnettle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Henbit Deadnettle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Ants; Human Activities
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lamium amplexicaule:
Lamium purpureum (Purple Deadnettle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Purple Deadnettle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2008; 2016-2018; 2021
Dispersed By: Ants; Human Activities
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
74764961 (Observed: 4/21/2021)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lamium purpureum:
Images
Purple Deadnettle (Lamium purpureum)
Leonurus cardiaca (Common Motherwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Motherwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Leonurus cardiaca:
Lycopus americanus (American Water Horehound)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Water Horehound
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 806).
Online Resources for Lycopus americanus:
Lycopus uniflorus (Northern Bugleweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Northern Bugleweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
56448483 (Observed: 8/14/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 807).
Online Resources for Lycopus uniflorus:
Images
Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus)
Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus)
Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus)
Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus)
Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus)
Northern Bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus)
Lycopus virginicus (Virginia Water Horehound)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Water Horehound
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 209).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 807).
Online Resources for Lycopus virginicus:
Images
Virginia Water Horehound (Lycopus virginicus)
Virginia Water Horehound (Lycopus virginicus)
Virginia Water Horehound (Lycopus virginicus)
Mentha ×piperita (Peppermint)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Peppermint
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Notes: A single 'occurrence' noted. Growing along the PECO power line right-of-way.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57726281 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 811).
Online Resources for Mentha ×piperita:
Images
Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita)
Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita): close-up of inflorescence
Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita): close-up of inflorescence
Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita)
Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita): close-up of inflorescence
Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita): close-up of flower
Mentha arvensis (Corn Mint)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Corn Mint; Wild Mint
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018; 2020-2021; 2023-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
173760484 (Observed: 7/19/2023)
52515616 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 210).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 810).
Online Resources for Mentha arvensis:
Images
Wild Mint (Mentha arvensis)
Wild Mint (Mentha arvensis)
Wild Mint (Mentha arvensis)
Mentha spicata (Spearmint)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spearmint
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017; 2019; 2021-2022
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
90770688 (Observed: 8/10/2021)
Online Resources for Mentha spicata:
Monarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Bergamot
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: Very High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
296304518 (Observed: 7/8/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 813).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Monarda fistulosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Nepeta cataria (Catnip)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Catnip
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Nepeta cataria:
Perilla frutescens (Beefsteak Plant)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Beefsteak Plant
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Very common along roadsides and in other weedy 'edge' habitats.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310248510 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
57676580 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
60459745 (Observed: 9/22/2020)
Online Resources for Perilla frutescens:
Images
Beefsteakplant (Perilla frutescens)
Beefsteakplant (Perilla frutescens)
Beefsteakplant (Perilla frutescens)
Beefsteak Plant (Perilla frutescens)
Beefsteak Plant (Perilla frutescens)
Beefsteak Plant (Perilla frutescens): inflorescence
Beefsteak Plant (Perilla frutescens): inflorescence
Beefsteak Plant (Perilla frutescens): close-up of inflorescence
Prunella vulgaris (Common Selfheal)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Selfheal
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 805).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Prunella vulgaris:
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium (Narrowleaf Mountainmint)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Narrowleaf Mountainmint
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 809).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Pycnanthemum tenuifolium:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Pycnanthemum virginianum (Virginia Mountainmint)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Mountainmint
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2012; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
86911024 (Observed: 7/13/2021)
36404751 (Observed: 12/6/2019)
52500805 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 810).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Online Resources for Pycnanthemum virginianum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Virginia Mountainmint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Virginia Mountainmint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Virginia Mountainmint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Virginia Mountainmint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Virginia Mountainmint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Virginia Mountainmint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Virginia Mountainmint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)
Scutellaria elliptica (Hairy Skullcap)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy Skullcap
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 815).
Online Resources for Scutellaria elliptica:
Scutellaria integrifolia (Helmet Flower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Helmet Flower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 815).
Online Resources for Scutellaria integrifolia:
Scutellaria lateriflora (Blue Skullcap)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Blue Skullcap; Mad-dog Skullcap
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2018
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 208).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 815).
Online Resources for Scutellaria lateriflora:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Teucrium canadense (Canada Germander)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Canada Germander; American Germander
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2018; 2020-2024
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
171559321 (Observed: 7/7/2023)
134056962 (Observed: 9/7/2022)
132860806 (Observed: 8/29/2022)
90773693 (Observed: 8/10/2021)
86911800 (Observed: 7/13/2021)
53772958 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
58281223 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 821).
Online Resources for Teucrium canadense:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Canada Germander (Teucrium canadense)
Trichostema dichotomum (Forked Bluecurls)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lamiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Forked Bluecurls
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 823).
Online Resources for Trichostema dichotomum:
Lindera benzoin (Northern Spicebush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lauraceae
Notes
Common Name: Northern Spicebush
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2026
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310253830 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
183748175 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
40669237 (Observed: 3/24/2020)
72393798 (Observed: 3/29/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 145).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 403).
Online Resources for Lindera benzoin:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Northern Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)
Northern Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)
Northern Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)
Sassafras albidum (Sassafras)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lauraceae
Notes
Lenape Name: winakw .
Common Name: Sassafras
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
237444718 (Observed: 8/21/2024)
207972459 (Observed: 4/18/2024)
79316179 (Observed: 5/13/2021)
51627518 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 298-300).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 403).
Online Resources for Sassafras albidum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): Bark
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): Fall colors
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) seedling
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): sapling
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): close-up of inflorescence and developing leaves
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): close-up of inflorescence
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum): close-up of flower
Linum virginianum (Woodland Flax)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Linaceae
Notes
Common Name: Woodland Flax
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 549).
Online Resources for Linum virginianum:
Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Lythraceae
Notes
Common Name: Purple Loosestrife
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2012; 2017; 2021; 2023; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat); Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
94855995 (Observed: 9/14/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 176).
Online Resources for Lythrum salicaria:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Liriodendron tulipifera (Tuliptree)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Magnoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tuliptree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004; 2007-2010; 2013-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; Mammals (non-bat); Wind
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
81493896 (Observed: 6/3/2021)
49113166 (Observed: 6/4/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 331-333).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 403).
Online Resources for Liriodendron tulipifera:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber-tree)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Magnoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cucumber-tree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 108).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 172-174).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 404).
Online Resources for Magnolia acuminata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Magnolia tripetala (Umbrella-tree)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Magnoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Umbrella-tree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
98229798 (Observed: 10/11/2021)
75701554 (Observed: 4/29/2021)
49058027 (Observed: 6/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 178-180).
Online Resources for Magnolia tripetala:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Umbrella-tree (Magnolia tripetala)
Umbrella-tree (Magnolia tripetala)
Umbrella-tree (Magnolia tripetala)
Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Malvaceae
Notes
Common Names: Velvetleaf; Butter-print
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2023
Dispersed By: Human Activities
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179009540 (Observed: 8/18/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 700).
Online Resources for Abutilon theophrasti:
Hibiscus syriacus (Rose-of-Sharon)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Malvaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rose-of-Sharon
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58274287 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
Online Resources for Hibiscus syriacus:
Images
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus): base of flower and Green Cone-headed Planthopper
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus): close-up of flower
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus): close-up of flower
Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus): close of of stigma
Hibiscus trionum (Flower Of An Hour)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Malvaceae
Notes
Common Name: Flower Of An Hour
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2023
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
167031437 (Observed: 6/12/2023)
Online Resources for Hibiscus trionum:
Malva moschata (Musk Mallow)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Malvaceae
Notes
Common Name: Musk Mallow
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
Online Resources for Malva moschata:
Sida spinosa (Prickly Fanpetals)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Malvaceae
Notes
Common Name: Prickly Fanpetals
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals (Accidental); General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 699).
Online Resources for Sida spinosa:
Menispermum canadense (Common Moonseed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Menispermaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Moonseed
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2023-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
156721047 (Observed: 4/25/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 408).
Online Resources for Menispermum canadense:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Mollugo verticillata (Green Carpetweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Molluginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Green Carpetweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 482).
Online Resources for Mollugo verticillata:
Monotropa uniflora (Indianpipe)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Monotropaceae
Notes
Common Name: Indianpipe
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
173759031 (Observed: 7/19/2023)
83638338 (Observed: 6/18/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 736).
Online Resources for Monotropa uniflora:
Images
Indianpipe (Monotropa uniflora)
Indianpipe (Monotropa uniflora)
Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Moraceae
Notes
Lenape Name: wisaokw.
Common Name: Osage Orange
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 243-244).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 662).
Online Resources for Maclura pomifera:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera)
Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera)
Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera)
Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera)
Morus alba (White Mulberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Moraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Mulberry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 1978; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017; 2021
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Dispersal Unassisted; Mammals (non-bat)
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79197060 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 212).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 662).
Online Resources for Morus alba:
Fire Effects Information System
Morus rubra (Red Mulberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Moraceae
Notes
Common Name: Red Mulberry
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1978; 1984
Dispersed By: Birds; Mammals (non-bat)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 210).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 662).
Online Resources for Morus rubra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Forsythia (Forsythia)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oleaceae
Notes
Common Name: Forsythia
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration:
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Forsythia:
Fraxinus americana (White Ash)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oleaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: mixakanakw. Note: The Lenape name is that which was used for the that genus of plants.
Common Name: White Ash
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 1996; 2000; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
154742886 (Observed: 4/13/2023)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 202).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 34-36).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 780).
Online Resources for Fraxinus americana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Green Ash)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oleaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: mixakanakw. Note: The Lenape name is that which was used for the that genus of plants.
Common Name: Green Ash
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1978; 2007; 2017; 2023
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 31-32).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 780).
Online Resources for Fraxinus pennsylvanica:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Ligustrum obtusifolium (Border Privet)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oleaceae
Notes
Common Name: Border Privet
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2016-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310247164 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
13242645 (Observed: 6/8/2018)
118453066 (Observed: 5/23/2022)
45918273 (Observed: 5/14/2020)
50922714 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
Online Resources for Ligustrum obtusifolium:
Images
Border Privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium)
Ligustrum vulgare (European Privet)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oleaceae
Notes
Common Name: European Privet
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1971; 1978; 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Ligustrum vulgare:
Fire Effects Information System
Circaea lutetiana (Broadleaf Enchanters Nightshade)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Onagraceae
Notes
Common Name: Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Circaea canadensis (L.) HillYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270868446 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
50586904 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 511).
Online Resources for Circaea lutetiana:
Images
Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana)
Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana)
Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana)
Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana)
Epilobium coloratum (Purpleleaf Willowherb)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Onagraceae
Notes
Common Name: Purpleleaf Willowherb
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2024
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57727017 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 181).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 512).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Epilobium coloratum:
Images
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Purpleleaf Willowherb (Epilobium coloratum)
Ludwigia alternifolia (Seedbox)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Onagraceae
Notes
Common Name: Seedbox
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2020; 2024
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
230323440 (Observed: 7/19/2024)
58992945 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 179).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 508).
Online Resources for Ludwigia alternifolia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia)
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia)
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia): close-up of flower
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia): upper surface of leaf
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia): close-up of underside of leaf
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia): stem with flowers
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia): close-up of calyx
Ludwigia palustris (Marsh Seedbox)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Onagraceae
Notes
Common Name: Marsh Seedbox
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
95091216 (Observed: 9/16/2021)
50917084 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 136).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 180).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 509).
Online Resources for Ludwigia palustris:
Images
Marsh Seedbox (Ludwigia palustris)
Marsh Seedbox (Ludwigia palustris)
Marsh Seedbox (Ludwigia palustris)
Marsh Seedbox (Ludwigia palustris): habit
Marsh Seedbox (Ludwigia palustris): close-up of flower buds in the leaf-axils
Marsh Seedbox (Ludwigia palustris): close-up of flower
Marsh Seedbox (Ludwigia palustris): close-up of flower
Oenothera biennis (Common Evening Primrose)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Onagraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Evening Primrose
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2012; 2017; 2020; 2022; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58277669 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 514).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Oenothera biennis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Epifagus virginiana (Beechdrops)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Orobanchaceae
Notes
Common Name: Beechdrops
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2024
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61780655 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
104468712 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
60459245 (Observed: 9/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 831).
Online Resources for Epifagus virginiana:
Images
Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana)
Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana)
Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana)
Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana)
Orobanche uniflora (One-flowered Broomrape)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Orobanchaceae
Notes
Common Name: One-flowered Broomrape
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2019; 2021; 2023-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Notes: A root parasite who's stem is underground; hence, you only see this species when it's flowering.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
159496500 (Observed: 5/3/2023)
41194320 (Observed: 5/13/2019)
77872479 (Observed: 5/7/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 831).
Online Resources for Orobanche uniflora:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Aphyllon uniflorum)
Images
One-flowered Broomrape (Orobanche uniflora)
One-flowered Broomrape (Orobanche uniflora)
One-flowered Broomrape (Orobanche uniflora)
Oxalis dillenii (Slender Yellow Woodsorrel)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oxalidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Slender Yellow Woodsorrel
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
45210069 (Observed: 5/7/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 565).
Online Resources for Oxalis dillenii:
Oxalis stricta (Common Yellow Oxalis)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oxalidaceae
Notes
Common Names: Common Yellow Oxalis; Upright Yellow Woodsorrel
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Oxalis europaea Jord.Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2009; 2020-2022
Dispersed By: Animals
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
139265548 (Observed: 10/17/2022)
90194420 (Observed: 8/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 565).
Online Resources for Oxalis stricta:
Images
Common Yellow Oxalis (Oxalis stricta)
Common Yellow Oxalis (Oxalis stricta)
Common Yellow Oxalis (Oxalis stricta)
Common Yellow Oxalis (Oxalis stricta)
Oxalis violacea (Violet Woodsorrel)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Oxalidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Violet Woodsorrel
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 566).
Online Resources for Oxalis violacea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Violet Woodsorrel (Oxalis violacea)
Violet Woodsorrel (Oxalis violacea)
Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Papaveraceae
Notes
Common Name: Bloodroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
204597689 (Observed: 3/30/2024)
110758608 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
40669035 (Observed: 3/24/2020)
72469787 (Observed: 3/30/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 432).
Online Resources for Sanguinaria canadensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis): close-up of flower
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis): close-up of flower
Phytolacca americana (American Pokeweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Phytolaccaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Pokeweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2012-2013; 2015-2018; 2020; 2023-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57735601 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 482).
Online Resources for Phytolacca americana:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)
American Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)
American Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)
Plantago lanceolata (Narrowleaf Plantain)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Plantaginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Narrowleaf Plantain
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2008; 2017-2018; 2020-2021
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
82467975 (Observed: 6/10/2021)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Plantago lanceolata:
Images
Narrowleaf Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Plantago major (Common Plantain)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Plantaginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Plantain
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat); Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Plantago major:
Plantago rugelii (Blackseed Plantain)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Plantaginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blackseed Plantain
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 793).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Plantago rugelii:
Images
Blackseed Plantain (Plantago rugelii)
Blackseed Plantain (Plantago rugelii)
Blackseed Plantain (Plantago rugelii)
Blackseed Plantain (Plantago rugelii)
Platanus occidentalis (American Sycamore)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Platanaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: xaxakw.
Common Name: American Sycamore
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013; 2017-2025
Dispersed By: Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
154742182 (Observed: 4/13/2023)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 141).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 155 ).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 325-327).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 438).
Online Resources for Platanus occidentalis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
Polygala sanguinea (Purple Milkwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygalaceae
Notes
Common Name: Purple Milkwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 568).
Online Resources for Polygala sanguinea:
Polygala verticillata (Whorled Milkwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygalaceae
Notes
Common Name: Whorled Milkwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 568).
Online Resources for Polygala verticillata:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Senega verticillata)
Polygonum arifolium (Halberdleaf Tearthumb)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Halberdleaf Tearthumb
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Persicaria arifolia (L.) HaroldsYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
46771350 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 134).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 447).
Online Resources for Polygonum arifolium:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Persicaria arifolia)
Images
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Halberdleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum arifolium)
Polygonum aviculare (Prostrate Knotweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Prostrate Knotweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57679572 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 452).
Online Resources for Polygonum aviculare:
Images
Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare): close up of flower
Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare): close up of ligule
Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare): lower surface of leaf
Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum (Oriental Ladys Thumb)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Oriental Lady's Thumb
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Synonyms: Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) KitagYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2012; 2017-2020
Dispersed By: Dispersal Unassisted
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61777636 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
58276284 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 448).
Online Resources for Polygonum cespitosum :
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum)
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum)
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum)
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum): inflorescence
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum): inflorescence
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum): close-up of ocra
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum): close-up of flowers
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum): inflorescence
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum): lower surface of leaf
Oriental Lady's Thumb (Polygonum cespitosum): upper surface of leaf
Polygonum hydropiper (Marshpepper Knotweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Marshpepper Knotweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) OpizYears Noted: 2007; 2018; 2022
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
132859580 (Observed: 8/29/2022)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 105).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 447).
Online Resources for Polygonum hydropiper:
Polygonum lapathifolium (Curlytop Knotweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Curlytop Knotweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 448).
Online Resources for Polygonum lapathifolium:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Persicaria lapathifolia)
Polygonum pensylvanicum (Pennsylvania Smartweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pennsylvania Smartweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Allelopathic: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 448).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Polygonum pensylvanicum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Persicaria pensylvanica)
Polygonum perfoliatum (Mile-a-Minute Weed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Names: Mile-a-Minute Weed; Asiatic Tearthumb
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Synonyms: Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. GrossYears Noted: 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2014; 2017-2025
Dispersed By: Dispersal Unassisted
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 449).
Online Resources for Polygonum perfoliatum:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Asiatic Tearthumb (Polygonum perfoliatum)
Asiatic Tearthumb (Polygonum perfoliatum)
Asiatic Tearthumb (Polygonum perfoliatum)
Asiatic Tearthumb (Polygonum perfoliatum)
Asiatic Tearthumb (Polygonum perfoliatum)
Polygonum persicaria (Spotted Ladysthumb)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spotted Ladysthumb
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Persicaria maculosa GrayYears Noted: 1971-1974; 2007; 2016-2020; 2023
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58282910 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 448).
Online Resources for Polygonum persicaria:
Images
Spotted Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria)
Spotted Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria)
Spotted Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria)
Spotted Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria)
Spotted Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria)
Spotted Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria)
Polygonum punctatum (Dotted Smartweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Dotted Smartweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2012; 2018; 2020
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57734877 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
59002024 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 108).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 449).
Online Resources for Polygonum punctatum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Persicaria punctata)
Images
Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
Dotted Smartweed (Polygonum punctatum)
Polygonum sagittatum (Arrowleaf Tearthumb)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Arrowleaf Tearthumb
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017; 2019-2020; 2022-2024
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
132861857 (Observed: 8/29/2022)
57731727 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
61156594 (Observed: 9/13/2019)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 132).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 450).
Online Resources for Polygonum sagittatum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Persicaria sagittata)
Images
Arrowleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum)
Arrowleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum)
Arrowleaf Tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum)
Polygonum scandens (Climbing False Buckwheat)
Group: Plants
- The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Climbing False Buckwheat
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Undetermined
Synonyms: Fallopia scandens (L.) HolubYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136195551 (Observed: 9/23/2022)
61427982 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 454).
Online Resources for Polygonum scandens:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Fallopia scandens)
Images
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens)
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens)
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens): upper surface of leaf
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens): underside of leaf
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens)
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens): close-up of underside of leaf
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens): close-up of fruit
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens): close-up of fruit
Climbing False Buckwheat (Polygonum scandens): close-up of fruit
Polygonum virginianum (American Jumpseed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Jumpseed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Ballistic
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
95842007 (Observed: 9/21/2021)
41859349 (Observed: 4/10/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 450).
Online Resources for Polygonum virginianum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Persicaria virginiana)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum)
Jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum)
Jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum)
Jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum)
Rumex acetosella (Common Sheep Sorrel)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Sheep Sorrel
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 443).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Rumex acetosella:
Rumex crispus (Curly Dock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Curly Dock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2007; 2017-2019; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
120703016 (Observed: 6/6/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 444).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Rumex crispus:
Images
Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)
Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)
Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)
Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)
Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)
Rumex obtusifolius (Bitter Dock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Polygonaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bitter Dock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2022; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
286344176 (Observed: 6/2/2025)
120701277 (Observed: 6/7/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 444).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Rumex obtusifolius:
Images
Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
Claytonia virginica (Virginia Springbeauty)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Portulacaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Springbeauty
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007-2008; 2011; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
271105037 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
207677921 (Observed: 4/8/2024)
109168079 (Observed: 3/21/2022)
110758999 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
110759100 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
152736434 (Observed: 3/28/2023)
v152736434 (Observed: 3/28/2023)
72392723 (Observed: 3/29/2021)
40103070 (Observed: 3/16/2020)
67765344 (Observed: 1/8/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 484).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs. New Phytologist 90: 757-776.
Online Resources for Claytonia virginica:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Virginia Springbeauty (Claytonia virginica)
Virginia Springbeauty (Claytonia virginica)
Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Primulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Scarlet Pimpernel
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Lysimachia arvensisYears Noted: 2004; 2018; 2022
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Human Activities; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
122937282 (Observed: 6/21/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 729).
Online Resources for Anagallis arvensis:
Images
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis)
Lysimachia ciliata (Fringed Loosestrife)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Primulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fringed Loosestrife
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57690031 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 728).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lysimachia ciliata:
Images
Fringed Loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata)
Fringed Loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata)
Fringed Loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata)
Lysimachia nummularia (Creeping Jenny)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Primulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Creeping Jenny
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022-2024; 2026
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
106571774 (Observed: 2/11/2022)
45209027 (Observed: 5/7/2020)
50916193 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lysimachia nummularia:
Images
Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia)
Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia)
Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia): close up of anthers
Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia): close-up of flowers
Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia)
Lysimachia quadrifolia (Whorled Yellow Loosestrife)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Primulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Whorled Yellow Loosestrife
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 729).
Online Resources for Lysimachia quadrifolia:
Chimaphila maculata (Striped Wintergreen)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Pyrolaceae
Notes
Common Names: Striped Wintergreen; Striped Prince's Pine
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
42659982 (Observed: 6/3/2019)
73155996 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
56966071 (Observed: 8/19/2020)
13713618 (Observed: 6/23/2018)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 735).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Chimaphila maculata:
Images
Striped Prince's Pine (Chimaphila maculata)
Striped Prince's Pine (Chimaphila maculata)
Striped Prince's Pine (Chimaphila maculata)
Striped Prince's Pine (Chimaphila maculata)
Striped Prince's Pine (Chimaphila maculata): close-up of fruits
Striped Prince's Pine (Chimaphila maculata)
Striped Prince's Pine (Chimaphila maculata)
Pyrola americana (American Wintergreen)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Pyrolaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Wintergreen
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Pyrola rotundifolia auct. non L. p.pYears Noted: 1984; 2007
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 735).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs. New Phytologist 90: 757-776.
Online Resources for Pyrola americana:
Pyrola elliptica (Waxflower Shinleaf)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Pyrolaceae
Notes
Common Name: Waxflower Shinleaf
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020; 2023
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
164822415 (Observed: 5/31/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 735).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs. New Phytologist 90: 757-776.
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Pyrola elliptica:
Images
Waxflower Shinleaf (Pyrola elliptica)
Waxflower Shinleaf (Pyrola elliptica)
Waxflower Shinleaf (Pyrola elliptica)
Waxflower Shinleaf (Pyrola elliptica)
Waxflower Shinleaf (Pyrola elliptica)
Waxflower Shinleaf (Pyrola elliptica)
Actaea racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Names: Black Cohosh; Black Snakeroot; Black Baneberry
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) NuttYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310613114 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
42202386 (Observed: 4/14/2020)
51629766 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 419).
Online Resources for Actaea racemosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Black Baneberry (Actaea racemosa)
Black Baneberry (Actaea racemosa)
Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa): habit
Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa)
Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa)
Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa)
Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa): habit
Anemone quinquefolia (Wood Anemone)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wood Anemone
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
74196932 (Observed: 4/16/2021)
42260768 (Observed: 4/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 423).
Online Resources for Anemone quinquefolia:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Anemonoides quinquefolia)
Images
Wood Anemone (Anemone quinquefolia)
Wood Anemone (Anemone quinquefolia): close-up of fruits
Wood Anemone (Anemone quinquefolia)
Wood Anemone (Anemone quinquefolia)
Wood Anemone (Anemone quinquefolia): close-up of leaf
Anemone virginiana (Tall Thimbleweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Thimbleweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 423).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Anemone virginiana:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Consolida ajacis (Rocket Larkspur)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Names: Rocket Larkspur; Doubtful Knight's-Spur
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020
Dispersed By: Human Activities
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Growing along the PECO right-of-way. Possibly planted as a dye plant, or brought in on someone's footwear.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
51609558 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
Online Resources for Consolida ajacis:
Images
Rocket Larkspur (Consolida ajacis)
Rocket Larkspur (Consolida ajacis)
Rocket Larkspur (Consolida ajacis)
Rocket Larkspur (Consolida ajacis)
Rocket Larkspur (Consolida ajacis)
Rocket Larkspur (Consolida ajacis)
Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa (Roundlobe Hepatica)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Roundlobe Hepatica
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Anemone americana (DC.) H. Hara; Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker GawlYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2022
Dispersed By: Ants
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
104421436 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
41791706 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
73155084 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 422).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs. New Phytologist 90: 757-776.
Online Resources for Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Hepatica americana)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa): Close-up of flower
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa): Close-up of sepals
Roundlobe Hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa): Flowers emerging in the Spring
Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Goldenseal
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Bats; Birds
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 411).
Online Resources for Hydrastis canadensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Ranunculus abortivus (Littleleaf Buttercup)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Littleleaf Buttercup
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2021-2022
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
113170995 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
77517800 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 425).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Ranunculus abortivus:
Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Buttercup)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Names: Bulbous Buttercup; St. Anthony's Turnip
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007-2008; 2017-2018; 2021
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
78561413 (Observed: 5/12/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 426).
Online Resources for Ranunculus bulbosus:
Images
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
Ranunculus ficaria (Lesser Celandine)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lesser Celandine
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2007-2008; 2010-2011; 2015-2026
Dispersed By: Ants; Human Activities; Water
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61578625 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
271104706 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
5639816 (Observed: 4/10/2017)
5641443 (Observed: 4/10/2017)
154172799 (Observed: 4/9/2023)
73240161 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
71844609 (Observed: 3/22/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 427).
Online Resources for Ranunculus ficaria:
Images
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria): dominating a wet slope at the Gordon
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria): close-up of flower
Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria): close-up of anthers and stigmas
Ranunculus hispidus (Bristly Buttercup)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bristly Buttercup
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 428).
Online Resources for Ranunculus hispidus:
Ranunculus recurvatus (Blisterwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blisterwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2021
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77879013 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 430).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Ranunculus recurvatus:
Images
Blisterwort (Ranunculus recurvatus)
Blisterwort (Ranunculus recurvatus)
Blisterwort (Ranunculus recurvatus)
Blisterwort (Ranunculus recurvatus)
Blisterwort (Ranunculus recurvatus)
Blisterwort (Ranunculus recurvatus)
Ranunculus sceleratus (Cursed Crowfoot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Names: Cursed Crowfoot; Cursed Buttercup
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Notes: The largest gap in observations of any plant species in the Gordon: first noted in 1984 and not noted again until 2025! A poisonous plant: from Wikipedia (accessed: 5/16/2025): "While buttercups are toxic due to the presence of the substance protoanemonin, this applies in particular for the Cursed Buttercup: it is the most toxic buttercup and contains 2.5% protoanemonin. When the leaves are wrinkled, damaged or crushed, they bring out unsightly sores and blisters on human skin. All parts of the plant are considered to be poisonous. Side effects after ingestion can manifest themselves as extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. It may cause sensation of pain and burning perceptions, tongue inflammation, and intensification in salivation. [Cited Source: Abid Aqsa, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, Sadia Zafar, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Shazia Sultana, Omer Kilic, Trobjon Makhkamov, Akramjon Yuldashev, Oybek Mamarakhimov, Khislat Khaydarov, Afat O. Mammadova, Komiljon Komilov, and Salman Majeed (December 2023). "Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance". Folia Horticulturae. 35 (2): 243–274. doi:10.2478/fhort-2023-0019. ISSN 2083-5965.]
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270466383 (Observed: 4/14/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 431).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Ranunculus sceleratus:
Images
Cursed Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus): Habit
Cursed Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus)
Cursed Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus): Close-up of a flower
Cursed Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus): Close-up of a flower showing the developing head of aggregated achenes
Cursed Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus): Younger plant before flowering
Cursed Crowfoot (Ranunculus sceleratus): Close-up of the 'fleshy' leaves
Thalictrum dioicum (Early Meadow-Rue)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Early Meadow-Rue
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Online Resources for Thalictrum dioicum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Thalictrum pubescens (King Of The Meadow)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: King Of The Meadow
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2020; 2022-2023; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
53784601 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 414).
Online Resources for Thalictrum pubescens:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
King Of The Meadow (Thalictrum pubescens)
King Of The Meadow (Thalictrum pubescens)
King Of The Meadow (Thalictrum pubescens)
King Of The Meadow (Thalictrum pubescens)
King Of The Meadow (Thalictrum pubescens)
King Of The Meadow (Thalictrum pubescens)
King Of The Meadow (Thalictrum pubescens)
Thalictrum thalictroides (Rue Anemone)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ranunculaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rue Anemone
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Anemonella thalictroides (L.) SpachYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2011; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
40996020 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
73156405 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 415).
Online Resources for Thalictrum thalictroides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)
Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)
Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)
Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)
Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)
Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)
Rue Anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides)
Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rhamnaceae
Notes
Common Name: New Jersey Tea
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1978; 1984
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 653).
Online Resources for Ceanothus americanus:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Agrimonia gryposepala (Tall Hairy Agrimony)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Hairy Agrimony
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2020; 2022
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
55848238 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 627).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Agrimonia gryposepala:
Images
Tall Hairy Agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala)
Tall Hairy Agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala): upper surface of leaf
Tall Hairy Agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala): inflorescence
Tall Hairy Agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala): close-up of flower
Agrimonia microcarpa (Smallfruit Agrimony)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smallfruit Agrimony
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2009
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 627).
Online Resources for Agrimonia microcarpa:
Agrimonia parviflora (Harvestlice)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Harvestlice
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 627).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Agrimonia parviflora:
Agrimonia pubescens (Soft Agrimony)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Soft Agrimony
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 627).
Online Resources for Agrimonia pubescens:
Images
Soft Agrimony (Agrimonia pubescens)
Soft Agrimony (Agrimonia pubescens)
Soft Agrimony (Agrimonia pubescens)
Crataegus crus. galli (Cockspur Hawthorn)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cockspur Hawthorn
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 123-124).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 645).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Crataegus crus-galli:
Crataegus phaenopyrum (Washington Hawthorn)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Washington Hawthorn
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007-2008; 2017-2018
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 132).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 647).
Online Resources for Crataegus phaenopyrum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Duchesnea indica (Indian Strawberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Indian Strawberry
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2012; 2016-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
45208513 (Observed: 5/7/2020)
Online Resources for Duchesnea indica:
Images
Indian Strawberry (Duchesnea indica)
Indian Strawberry (Duchesnea indica)
Fragaria virginiana (Virginia Strawberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Strawberry
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007-2008; 2011; 2013; 2016-2018; 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 635).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Fragaria virginiana:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Geum canadense (White Avens)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: White Avens
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2026
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310247506 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
123847095 (Observed: 6/27/2022)
42062318 (Observed: 4/12/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 618).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Geum canadense:
Images
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
White Avens (Geum canadense)
Malus baccata (Siberian Crabapple)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Siberian Crabapple
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2020; 2022-2023; 2025
Notes: A couple of individuals noted in the meadow at the eastern end of the Gordon (Area G1M).
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
158712429 (Observed: 5/1/2023)
62070483 (Observed: 10/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 92).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 652).
Online Resources for Malus baccata:
Images
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata): close-up of fruit
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata)
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata)
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata): close-up of bark
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata): upper surface of leaf
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata): lower surface of leaf
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata): fruits
Siberian Crabapple (Malus baccata): bases of pedicels
Malus pumila (Paradise Apple)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Paradise Apple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018; 2021-2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
75468048 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 23-24).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 653).
Online Resources for Malus pumila:
Images
Paradise Apple (Malus pumila)
Paradise Apple (Malus pumila)
Paradise Apple (Malus pumila)
Paradise Apple (Malus pumila)
Paradise Apple (Malus pumila)
Paradise Apple (Malus pumila)
Photinia villosa (Oriental Photinia)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Names: Oriental Photinia; Christmas Berry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 257-258).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 643).
Online Resources for Photinia villosa:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Pourthiaea villosa)
Potentilla canadensis (Dwarf Cinquefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Dwarf Cinquefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2008; 2017-2018
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 633).
Online Resources for Potentilla canadensis:
Potentilla norvegica (Norwegian Cinquefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Norwegian Cinquefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 634).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Potentilla norvegica:
Potentilla recta (Sulphur Cinquefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sulphur Cinquefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Potentilla recta:
Fire Effects Information System
Potentilla simplex (Common Cinquefoil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Cinquefoil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 635).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Potentilla simplex:
Prunus avium (Sweet Cherry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sweet Cherry
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1970; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
76696563 (Observed: 4/30/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 78).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 639).
Online Resources for Prunus avium:
Images
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
Prunus serotina (Black Cherry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Black Cherry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1970; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2014; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
156596126 (Observed: 4/25/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 71-73).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 640).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Prunus serotina:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
Prunus subhirtella (Winter-flowering Cherry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Names: Winter-flowering Cherry; Rosebud Cherry; Higan Cherry
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2011-2012; 2016-2026
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
40669143 (Observed: 3/24/2020)
73236439 (Observed: 4/7/2021)
60652348 (Observed: 9/24/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 76).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 637).
Online Resources for Prunus subhirtella:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Prunus × subhirtella)
Images
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): the tree flowering in early Spring
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): the tree flowering in early Spring
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): close-up of stem
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): close-up of bud
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): close-up of pair of glands on petiole
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): upper surface of leaf
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): underside of leaf
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): : close-up of underside of leaf
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): close-up of edge of leaf and gland-tipped teeth (out of focus)
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): early Fall foliage
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): early Fall foliage
Winter-flowering Cherry (Prunus subhirtella): early Fall foliage
Pyrus calleryana (Callery Pear)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Callery Pear
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2007; 2018; 2022-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270656696 (Observed: 4/7/2025)
110836677 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 251-253).
Online Resources for Pyrus calleryana:
Images
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana)
Rhodotypos scandens (Jetbead)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Jetbead
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016-2020; 2022-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
113170856 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
118573024 (Observed: 5/24/2022)
42202301 (Observed: 4/14/2020)
Online Resources for Rhodotypos scandens:
Images
Jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens)
Jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens)
Jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens)
Jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens)
Jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens)
Rosa multiflora (Multiflora Rose)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Multiflora Rose
Growth Habit: Vine, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 1999; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2013; 2015-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; Mammals (non-bat)
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310248413 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
163180145 (Observed: 5/22/2023)
5641633 (Observed: 4/10/2017)
57564933 (Observed: 5/20/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 630).
Online Resources for Rosa multiflora:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora): leaf
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora): close-up of thorn
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora): flowers
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora): close-up of a flower
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora): close-up of a flower
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora): underside of leaf
Rosa rubiginosa (Sweetbriar Rose)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sweetbriar Rose
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Online Resources for Rosa rubiginosa:
Rosa wichuraiana (Memorial Rose)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Memorial Rose
Growth Habit: Vine, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Birds; Mammals (non-bat)
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
301557255 (Observed: 6/13/2025)
288474131 (Observed: 6/10/2025)
168515292 (Observed: 6/20/2023)
167360493 (Observed: 6/13/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 632).
Online Resources for Rosa wichuraiana:
Rubus allegheniensis (Allegheny Blackberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Allegheny Blackberry
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1971; 1984; 1999; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Nesting Materials
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79440208 (Observed: 5/19/2021)
57559248 (Observed: 5/20/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 622).
Online Resources for Rubus allegheniensis:
Images
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis): upper surface of leaf
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis): lower surface of leaf
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis): flower
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis): close-up of flower
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis): close-up of flower
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Rubus flagellaris (Northern Dewberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Northern Dewberry
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2018; 2021-2022; 2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; Mammals (non-bat)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Nesting Materials
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
80289880 (Observed: 5/25/2021)
78642987 (Observed: 5/13/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 623).
Online Resources for Rubus flagellaris:
Images
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Northern Dewberry (Rubus flagellaris)
Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Black Raspberry
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2020-2023
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Nesting Materials
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79199279 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 624).
Online Resources for Rubus occidentalis:
Images
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis)
Rubus odoratus (Purpleflowering Raspberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Purpleflowering Raspberry
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Mammals (non-bat)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Nesting Materials
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 625).
Online Resources for Rubus odoratus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Rubus phoenicolasius (Wineberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Names: Wineberry; Wine Raspberry
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1965; 1971; 1984; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310247450 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
171467558 (Observed: 7/6/2023)
57569201 (Observed: 5/20/2019)
Online Resources for Rubus phoenicolasius:
Images
Wine Raspberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)
Wine Raspberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)
Wine Raspberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)
Rubus recurvicaulis (Arching Dewberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Arching Dewberry
Growth Habit: Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2009
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Nesting Materials
Online Resources for Rubus recurvicaulis:
Spiraea prunifolia (Bridalwreath Spirea)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rosaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bridalwreath Spirea
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
41775226 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
Online Resources for Spiraea prunifolia:
Images
Bridalwreath Spirea (Spiraea prunifolia)
Bridalwreath Spirea (Spiraea prunifolia)
Bridalwreath Spirea (Spiraea prunifolia)
Bridalwreath Spirea (Spiraea prunifolia): close-up of flower
Galium aparine (Stickywilly)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Stickywilly
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1975-1985; 1991; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
41856750 (Observed: 4/10/2020)
67764919 (Observed: 1/8/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 760).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Brewer, R. 1980. A half-century of changes in the herb layer of a climax deciduous forest in Michigan. Journal of Ecology 68: 823-832.
Online Resources for Galium aparine:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Stickywilly (Galium aparine)
Stickywilly (Galium aparine)
Stickywilly (Galium aparine)
Galium asprellum (Rough Bedstraw)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rough Bedstraw
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 761).
Online Resources for Galium asprellum:
Galium circaezans (Licorice Bedstraw)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Licorice Bedstraw
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2019; 2022
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
319410893 (Observed: 9/24/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 761).
Online Resources for Galium circaezans:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Licorice Bedstraw (Galium circaezans)
Licorice Bedstraw (Galium circaezans)
Galium lanceolatum (Lanceleaf Wild Licorice)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lanceleaf Wild Licorice
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 762).
Online Resources for Galium lanceolatum:
Images
Lanceleaf Wild Licorice (Galium lanceolatum)
Galium mollugo (False Babys Breath)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Names: False Baby's Breath; Hedge Bedstraw
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
120700804 (Observed: 6/7/2022)
Online Resources for Galium mollugo:
Images
False Baby's Breath (Galium mollugo)
False Baby's Breath (Galium mollugo)
False Baby's Breath (Galium mollugo)
False Baby's Breath (Galium mollugo)
False Baby's Breath (Galium mollugo)
Galium pilosum (Hairy Bedstraw)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy Bedstraw
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 763).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Galium pilosum:
Galium tinctorium (Stiff Marsh Bedstraw)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Stiff Marsh Bedstraw
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 763).
Online Resources for Galium tinctorium:
Galium triflorum (Fragrant Bedstraw)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fragrant Bedstraw
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2015; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 764).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Galium triflorum:
Images
Fragrant Bedstraw (Galium triflorum)
Fragrant Bedstraw (Galium triflorum)
Houstonia caerulea (Azure Bluet)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Azure Bluet
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Hedyotis caerulea (L.) HookYear Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 758).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Houstonia caerulea:
Mitchella repens (Partridgeberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rubiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Partridgeberry
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2020; 2023-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
229546740 (Observed: 7/15/2024)
13081795 (Observed: 6/3/2018)
174087342 (Observed: 7/20/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 757).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs. New Phytologist 90: 757-776.
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Mitchella repens:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens)
Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens)
Phellodendron japonicum (Japanese Corktree)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Rutaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Corktree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Year Noted: 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 89-90).
Online Resources for Phellodendron japonicum:
Populus deltoides (Eastern Cottonwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Salicaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: këkchëkwipahkihëlas. Note: The Lenape name is that which was used for the that genus of plants.
Common Name: Eastern Cottonwood
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2019-2025
Dispersed By: Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
83678275 (Observed: 6/18/2021)
26066113 (Observed: 5/30/2019)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 282-284).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 537).
Online Resources for Populus deltoides:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): trunk
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): close-up of 'cotton'
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): close-up of 'cotton'
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): developing fruits
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): leaf underside
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides): close-up of the underside of a leaf
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth Aspen)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Salicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bigtooth Aspen
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 280-282).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 537).
Online Resources for Populus grandidentata:
Fire Effects Information System
Salix babylonica (Weeping Willow)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Salicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Weeping Willow
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58991164 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 349-350).
Online Resources for Salix babylonica:
Images
Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica)
Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica)
Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica)
Salix nigra (Black Willow)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Salicaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: nushemakw.
Common Name: Black Willow
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2013; 2016-2023; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 114-115).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 340-341).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 546).
Online Resources for Salix nigra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Black Willow (Salix nigra)
Black Willow (Salix nigra)
Black Willow (Salix nigra)
Black Willow (Salix nigra)
Black Willow (Salix nigra)
Koelreuteria paniculata (Goldenrain Tree)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Sapindaceae
Notes
Common Name: Goldenrain Tree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Watch List — "Exotic plant species that are severe problems in surrounding states but have not been widely reported in Pennsylvania, OR may naturalize and become a problem in the future and require more monitoring."
Years Noted: 2016-2019; 2021-2022; 2025
Dispersed By: Dispersal Unassisted
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
83937535 (Observed: 6/21/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 114-115).
Online Resources for Koelreuteria paniculata:
Images
Goldenrain Tree (Koelreuteria paniculata)
Goldenrain Tree (Koelreuteria paniculata)
Chrysosplenium americanum (American Golden Saxifrage)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Saxifragaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Golden Saxifrage
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 154).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 500).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Chrysosplenium americanum:
Heuchera americana (American Alumroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Saxifragaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Alumroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 499).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Heuchera americana:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Saxifraga virginiensis (Early Saxifrage)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Saxifragaceae
Notes
Common Name: Early Saxifrage
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2008
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 500).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Saxifraga virginiensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Micranthes virginiensis)
Chelone glabra (White Turtlehead)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: White Turtlehead
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2022; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
135813491 (Observed: 9/20/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 211).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 795).
Online Resources for Chelone glabra:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
Linaria vulgaris (Butter and Eggs)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Butter and Eggs
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Linaria vulgaris:
Mimulus ringens (Allegheny Monkeyflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Allegheny Monkeyflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2023; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
174670651 (Observed: 7/21/2023)
88176580 (Observed: 7/22/2021)
53781737 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 212).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 825).
Online Resources for Mimulus ringens:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Allegheny Monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens)
Allegheny Monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens)
Allegheny Monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens)
Allegheny Monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens)
Allegheny Monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens)
Allegheny Monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens)
Allegheny Monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens)
Paulownia tomentosa (Princesstree)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Princesstree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1970; 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2013; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
220318127 (Observed: 8/23/2023)
74772120 (Observed: 4/21/2021)
50919387 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 106).
Online Resources for Paulownia tomentosa:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa): root sucker
Princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa): close-up of leaf on root sucker
Princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa): underside of leaf and fruits
Princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa): close-up of fruit
Princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa): trunk
Penstemon digitalis (Foxglove Beardtongue)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Names: Foxglove Beardtongue; Talus Slope Penstemon
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016; 2020-2022; 2024-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
81624319 (Observed: 6/4/2021)
59733784 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 795).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Online Resources for Penstemon digitalis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis)
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis): close-up of leaves and stem
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis)
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis): upper surface of leaf
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis): lower surface of leaf
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis): close-up of base of infructescence
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis): infructescence
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis): close-up of infructescence
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis)
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis)
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis)
Foxglove Beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis)
Scrophularia marilandica (Late Figwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Names: Late Figwort; Carpenter's Square
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017; 2024
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
241162834 (Observed: 9/11/2024)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 829).
Online Resources for Scrophularia marilandica:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Verbascum blattaria (Moth Mullein)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Moth Mullein
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017; 2022; 2025
Dispersed By: Human Activities
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
298484800 (Observed: 7/15/2025)
121748358 (Observed: 6/14/2022)
Online Resources for Verbascum blattaria:
Images
Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Verbascum thapsus (Common Mullein)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Mullein
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
38831475 (Observed: 1/31/2020)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Verbascum thapsus:
Fire Effects Information System
Veronica americana (American Speedwell)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Speedwell
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 789).
Online Resources for Veronica americana:
Veronica arvensis (Corn Speedwell)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Corn Speedwell
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
167035345 (Observed: 6/12/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 789).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Veronica arvensis:
Veronica hederifolia (Ivyleaf Speedwell)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Ivyleaf Speedwell
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2021; 2023-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270873256 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
203092907 (Observed: 3/18/2024)
72389660 (Observed: 3/29/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 790).
Online Resources for Veronica hederifolia:
Images
Ivyleaf Speedwell (Veronica hederifolia)
Ivyleaf Speedwell (Veronica hederifolia)
Ivyleaf Speedwell (Veronica hederifolia)
Ivyleaf Speedwell (Veronica hederifolia)
Veronica officinalis (Common Gypsyweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Gypsyweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 790).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Veronica officinalis:
Veronica peregrina (Neckweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Neckweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 790).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Veronica peregrina:
Veronica persica (Birdeye Speedwell)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Birdeye Speedwell
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017; 2021
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77248772 (Observed: 5/3/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 790).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Veronica persica:
Images
Birdeye Speedwell (Veronica persica)
Birdeye Speedwell (Veronica persica)
Birdeye Speedwell (Veronica persica)
Birdeye Speedwell (Veronica persica)
Birdeye Speedwell (Veronica persica)
Veronica serpyllifolia (Thymeleaf Speedwell)
Group: Plants
- The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Thymeleaf Speedwell
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Undetermined
Years Noted: 2017-2018; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
115343363 (Observed: 5/3/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 791).
Online Resources for Veronica serpyllifolia:
Images
Thymeleaf Speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia)
Thymeleaf Speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia)
Thymeleaf Speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia)
Thymeleaf Speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia)
Veronicastrum virginicum (Culvers Root)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Common Name: Culver's Root
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 792).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Online Resources for Veronicastrum virginicum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Ailanthus altissima (Tree Of Heaven)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Simaroubaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tree Of Heaven
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2010; 2013-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
316809648 (Observed: 9/26/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 329-330).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 703).
Online Resources for Ailanthus altissima:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Tree Of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima): seedling
Tree Of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima): emerging leaves
Physalis heterophylla (Clammy Groundcherry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Solanaceae
Notes
Common Name: Clammy Groundcherry
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 849).
Online Resources for Physalis heterophylla:
Physalis longifolia (Longleaf Groundcherry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Solanaceae
Notes
Common Name: Longleaf Groundcherry
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Physalis subglabrata Mack. & BushYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 849).
Online Resources for Physalis longifolia:
Solanum carolinense (Carolina Horsenettle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Solanaceae
Notes
Common Name: Carolina Horsenettle
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2018-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
128032747 (Observed: 7/26/2022)
84999537 (Observed: 6/25/2021)
32184107 (Observed: 9/5/2019)
52497570 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
61428881 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 847).
Online Resources for Solanum carolinense:
Images
Carolina Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
Carolina Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
Carolina Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
Carolina Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
Carolina Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)
Solanum dulcamara (Climbing Nightshade)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Solanaceae
Notes
Common Names: Climbing Nightshade; Bittersweet Nightshade
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat); Water
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
126376982 (Observed: 7/15/2022)
Online Resources for Solanum dulcamara:
Images
Climbing Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara)
Climbing Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara)
Climbing Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara)
Climbing Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara)
Climbing Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara)
Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Solanaceae
Notes
Common Name: Black Nightshade
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 847).
Online Resources for Solanum nigrum:
Staphylea trifolia (American Bladdernut)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Staphyleaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Bladdernut
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 58-59).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 504).
Online Resources for Staphylea trifolia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia)
Tilia americana (American Basswood)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Tiliaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Basswood
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2009; 2013; 2016-2021; 2023-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Mammals (non-bat); Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61781757 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
104421432 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
157253485 (Observed: 4/28/2023)
46770008 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 37-38).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 696).
Online Resources for Tilia americana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Basswood (Tilia americana)
American Basswood (Tilia americana)
American Basswood (Tilia americana)
American Basswood (Tilia americana): close-up of bud and leaf scar
American Basswood (Tilia americana): close-up of bud and leaf scar
American Basswood (Tilia americana)
Celtis occidentalis (Common Hackberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ulmaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Hackberry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018-2020; 2023-2024
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
209314785 (Observed: 4/25/2024)
159639872 (Observed: 5/3/2023)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 71).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 116-117).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 660).
Online Resources for Celtis occidentalis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)
Common Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)
Common Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis): close-up of underside of leaf
Common Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis): close-up of upper surface of leaf
Common Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis): close-up of fruit
Ulmus pumila (Siberian Elm)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ulmaceae
Notes
Common Name: Siberian Elm
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Watch List — "Exotic plant species that are severe problems in surrounding states but have not been widely reported in Pennsylvania, OR may naturalize and become a problem in the future and require more monitoring."
Years Noted: 1990; 2020-2023
Dispersed By: Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748168 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
46527782 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 103).
Online Resources for Ulmus pumila:
Images
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila)
Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Ulmaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: xkwikpiakw.
Common Name: Slippery Elm
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2013-2014; 2017-2022
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 104-105).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 659).
Online Resources for Ulmus rubra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Boehmeria cylindrica (Smallspike False Nettle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Urticaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smallspike False Nettle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015; 2017-2018; 2022; 2024-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136842896 (Observed: 9/28/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 664).
Online Resources for Boehmeria cylindrica:
Images
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Smallspike False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)
Laportea canadensis (Canadian Woodnettle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Urticaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Woodnettle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2014; 2017-2020; 2022-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
55849615 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
59369264 (Observed: 9/12/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 125).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 664).
Online Resources for Laportea canadensis:
Images
Canadian Woodnettle (Laportea canadensis)
Canadian Woodnettle (Laportea canadensis)
Canadian Woodnettle (Laportea canadensis)
Canadian Woodnettle (Laportea canadensis)
Canadian Woodnettle (Laportea canadensis)
Canadian Woodnettle (Laportea canadensis)
Canadian Woodnettle (Laportea canadensis)
Pilea fontana (Lesser Clearweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Urticaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lesser Clearweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2022
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137052105 (Observed: 9/30/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 664).
Online Resources for Pilea fontana:
Images
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Lesser Clearweed (Pilea fontana)
Pilea pumila (Canadian Clearweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Urticaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Clearweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1997; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2021-2022; 2024
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
104421435 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
136841239 (Observed: 9/28/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 126).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 664).
Online Resources for Pilea pumila:
Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle)
Group: Plants
- The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Urticaceae
Notes
Common Name: Stinging Nettle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Undetermined
Years Noted: 2017; 2022; 2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136842229 (Observed: 9/28/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 663).
Online Resources for Urtica dioica:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Phryma leptostachya (American Lopseed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Verbenaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Lopseed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
53099990 (Observed: 7/14/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 825).
Online Resources for Phryma leptostachya:
Images
American Lopseed (Phryma leptostachya)
American Lopseed (Phryma leptostachya)
American Lopseed (Phryma leptostachya)
Verbena hastata (Swamp Verbena)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Verbenaceae
Notes
Common Name: Swamp Verbena
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2022-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
132030336 (Observed: 8/23/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 207).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 798).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Verbena hastata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Swamp Verbena (Verbena hastata)
Verbena urticifolia (White Vervain)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Verbenaceae
Notes
Common Name: White Vervain
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2020-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57722727 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 799).
Online Resources for Verbena urticifolia:
Images
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia)
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia)
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): close-up of fruits
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): close-up of stem
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): close-up of leaf bases
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): upper surface of leaf
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): under surface of leaf
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): close-up of under surface of leaf
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): close-up of inflorescence
White Vervain (Verbena urticifolia): close-up of flower
Viola affinis (Sand Violet)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Violaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sand Violet
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Viola affinis:
Viola cucullata (Marsh Blue Violet)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Violaceae
Notes
Common Name: Marsh Blue Violet
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2018; 2021
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77510343 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 528).
Online Resources for Viola cucullata:
Images
Marsh Blue Violet (Viola cucullata): inflorescence
Marsh Blue Violet (Viola cucullata): inflorescence
Marsh Blue Violet (Viola cucullata): inflorescence
Marsh Blue Violet (Viola cucullata)
Viola hirsutula (Southern Woodland Violet)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Violaceae
Notes
Common Name: Southern Woodland Violet
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Viola hirsutula:
Images
Southern Woodland Violet (Viola hirsutula)
Viola labradorica (Alpine Violet)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Violaceae
Notes
Common Name: Alpine Violet
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Viola conspersa RchbYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 529).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Viola labradorica:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula (Downy Yellow Violet)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Violaceae
Notes
Common Name: Downy Yellow Violet
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Viola pensylvanica MichxYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2023; 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
42279452 (Observed: 4/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 531).
Online Resources for Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Viola pubescens)
Images
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula)
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula): fruit
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula)
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula): upper surface of leaf
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula): lower surface of leaf
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula): inflorescence
Downy Yellow Violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula): close-up of inflorescence
Viola sororia (Common Blue Violet)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Violaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Blue Violet
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2017-2018; 2020-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270871928 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
41792778 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
74678888 (Observed: 4/19/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 533).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Bierzychudek, P. 1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs. New Phytologist 90: 757-776.
Online Resources for Viola sororia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia)
Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia): inflorescence
Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia): underside of leaf
Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia): inflorescence
Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia): upper surface of leaf
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Porcelain Berry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Vitaceae
Notes
Common Names: Porcelain Berry; Amur Peppervine
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Synonyms: Ampelopsis glandulosa (as per iNaturalist)Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310248579 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
93388288 (Observed: 9/2/2021)
52514950 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
57730697 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 501).
Online Resources for Ampelopsis brevipedunculata:
Fire Effects Information System
iNaturalist (for the synonym Ampelopsis glandulosa brevipedunculata)
Images
Amur Peppervine (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata)
Amur Peppervine (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata)
Amur Peppervine (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata)
Amur Peppervine (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata)
Amur Peppervine (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata)
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia Creeper)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Vitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Creeper
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2013; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 501).
Online Resources for Parthenocissus quinquefolia:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston Ivy)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Vitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Boston Ivy
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat)
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
46429823 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
Online Resources for Parthenocissus tricuspidata:
Images
Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)
Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)
Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)
Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)
Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)
Vitis aestivalis (Summer Grape)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Vitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Summer Grape
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 502).
Online Resources for Vitis aestivalis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Vitis labrusca (Fox Grape)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Vitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fox Grape
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2020
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 503).
Online Resources for Vitis labrusca:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Vitis vulpina (Frost Grape)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Vitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Frost Grape
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 503).
Online Resources for Vitis vulpina:
Images
Frost Grape (Vitis vulpina)
Frost Grape (Vitis vulpina)
Frost Grape (Vitis vulpina)
Frost Grape (Vitis vulpina)
Frost Grape (Vitis vulpina)
Sagittaria australis (Longbeak Arrowhead)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Alismataceae
Notes
Common Name: Longbeak Arrowhead
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2020; 2022
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58990963 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 31).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 129).
Online Resources for Sagittaria australis:
Images
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis): being 'visited' by an Eastern Calligrapher (Toxomerus geminatus)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis)
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis): infructescence. Note the 'boat-shaped' bracts beneath the upppermost group of fruits
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis): close-up of fruit. Note the straight 'necks' on the achenes
Longbeak Arrowhead (Sagittaria australis): close-up of fruit. Note the straight 'necks' on the achenes
Sagittaria latifolia (Broadleaf Arrowhead)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Alismataceae
Notes
Common Name: Broadleaf Arrowhead
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017; 2020-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
88379744 (Observed: 7/23/2021)
59565912 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 36).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 66).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 130).
Online Resources for Sagittaria latifolia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Broadleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
Broadleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
Broadleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
Broadleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia): being 'visited' by an Eastern Calligrapher (Toxomerus geminatus)
Broadleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
Arisaema triphyllum (Jack In The Pulpit)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Araceae
Notes
Common Name: Jack In The Pulpit
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
113170734 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
113170794 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
113170819 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
113170942 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
75468483 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
74365537 (Observed: 4/17/2021)
57723128 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 122).
Online Resources for Arisaema triphyllum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Jack In The Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)
Jack In The Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)
Jack In The Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)
Jack In The Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum): close-up of fruits
Arum italicum (Italian Lords And Ladies)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Araceae
Notes
Common Name: Italian Lords And Ladies
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2019; 2021-2026
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79203435 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
68068967 (Observed: 1/14/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. Not Listed).
Online Resources for Arum italicum:
Images
Italian Lords And Ladies (Arum italicum)
Italian Lords And Ladies (Arum italicum)
Italian Lords And Ladies (Arum italicum)
Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Araceae
Notes
Common Name: Skunk Cabbage
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2013; 2015-2026
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
266571286 (Observed: 3/23/2025)
174975812 (Observed: 7/25/2023)
110758737 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
135114183 (Observed: 9/14/2022)
106748107 (Observed: 2/11/2022)
79279575 (Observed: 5/18/2021)
70519114 (Observed: 3/3/2021)
70339772 (Observed: 2/28/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 98).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 120).
Online Resources for Symplocarpus foetidus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
Commelina communis (Asiatic Dayflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Commelinaceae
Notes
Common Name: Asiatic Dayflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2023; 2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
90816063 (Observed: 8/6/2021)
88868178 (Observed: 7/27/2021)
55824718 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 395).
Online Resources for Commelina communis:
Images
Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis)
Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis)
Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis)
Carex aggregata (Glomerate Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Glomerate Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017; 2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
124152459 (Observed: 6/27/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 291).
Online Resources for Carex aggregata:
Images
Glomerate Sedge (Carex aggregata)
Glomerate Sedge (Carex aggregata)
Glomerate Sedge (Carex aggregata)
Glomerate Sedge (Carex aggregata)
Glomerate Sedge (Carex aggregata)
Carex albicans (Whitetinge Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Whitetinge Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 230).
Online Resources for Carex albicans:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Carex amphibola (Eastern Narrowleaf Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Narrowleaf Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2019
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
123115991 (Observed: 6/4/2017)
57817597 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 241).
Online Resources for Carex amphibola:
Images
Eastern Narrowleaf Sedge (Carex amphibola)
Carex annectens (Yellowfruit Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Yellowfruit Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 280).
Online Resources for Carex annectens:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Carex blanda (Eastern Woodland Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Woodland Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2019; 2022-2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
160725249 (Observed: 5/8/2023)
119781632 (Observed: 6/1/2022)
57817019 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 248).
Online Resources for Carex blanda:
Images
Eastern Woodland Sedge (Carex blanda)
Eastern Woodland Sedge (Carex blanda)
Eastern Woodland Sedge (Carex blanda): close-up of inflorescence
Eastern Woodland Sedge (Carex blanda): close-up of leaf and inflorescence
Carex bromoides (Brome-like Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Brome-like Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 277).
Online Resources for Carex bromoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Carex caroliniana (Carolina Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Carolina Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 263).
Online Resources for Carex caroliniana:
Carex cephalophora (Oval-leaf Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Oval-leaf Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 292).
Online Resources for Carex cephalophora:
Images
Oval-leaf Sedge (Carex cephalophora)
Oval-leaf Sedge (Carex cephalophora)
Carex davisii (Davis Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Davis' Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
122943847 (Observed: 6/17/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 244).
Online Resources for Carex davisii:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Davis' Sedge (Carex davisii): habit
Davis' Sedge (Carex davisii): close-up of stem
Davis' Sedge (Carex davisii): close-up of sheath
Davis' Sedge (Carex davisii): inflorescence
Davis' Sedge (Carex davisii): inflorescence
Davis' Sedge (Carex davisii): inflorescence
Davis' Sedge (Carex davisii): close-up of inflorescence
Carex debilis (Weak Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Names: Weak Sedge; White Edge Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 244).
Online Resources for Carex debilis:
Carex digitalis (Slender Woodland Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Slender Woodland Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 236).
Online Resources for Carex digitalis:
Carex frankii (Franks Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Frank's Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 266).
Online Resources for Carex frankii:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Carex glaucodea (Blue Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blue Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 242).
Online Resources for Carex glaucodea:
Carex gracilescens (Slender Looseflower Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Slender Looseflower Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 248).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Carex gracilescens:
Carex gracillima (Graceful Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Graceful Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 245).
Online Resources for Carex gracillima:
Carex hirsutella (Fuzzy Wuzzy Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fuzzy Wuzzy Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 263).
Online Resources for Carex hirsutella:
Carex hirtifolia (Pubescent Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pubescent Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2019
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57798369 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 243).
Online Resources for Carex hirtifolia:
Images
Pubescent Sedge (Carex hirtifolia)
Pubescent Sedge (Carex hirtifolia)
Pubescent Sedge (Carex hirtifolia)
Pubescent Sedge (Carex hirtifolia)
Pubescent Sedge (Carex hirtifolia)
Carex laevivaginata (Smoothsheath Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smoothsheath Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 300).
Online Resources for Carex laevivaginata:
Carex laxiculmis (Spreading Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spreading Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016-2018
Dispersed By: Ants
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 236).
Online Resources for Carex laxiculmis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Spreading Sedge (Carex laxiculmis)
Spreading Sedge (Carex laxiculmis)
Spreading Sedge (Carex laxiculmis)
Spreading Sedge (Carex laxiculmis)
Carex laxiflora (Broad Looseflower Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broad Looseflower Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018; 2021-2022
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77735574 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 249).
Online Resources for Carex laxiflora:
Carex lurida (Shallow Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Shallow Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2022
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
80280451 (Observed: 5/25/2021)
50923451 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
57578260 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 94).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 270).
Online Resources for Carex lurida:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida)
Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida)
Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida)
Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida): female spike
Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida): close-up of male spike
Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida)
Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida)
Carex mesochorea (Midland Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Midland Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 293).
Online Resources for Carex mesochorea:
Carex normalis (Greater Straw Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Greater Straw Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2009; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 287).
Online Resources for Carex normalis:
Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pennsylvania Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77735084 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 232).
Online Resources for Carex pensylvanica:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Pennsylvania Sedge (Carex pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Sedge (Carex pensylvanica)
Carex prasina (Drooping Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Drooping Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 246).
Online Resources for Carex prasina:
Carex radiata (Eastern Star Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Star Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2021-2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
78293534 (Observed: 5/10/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 294).
Online Resources for Carex radiata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern Star Sedge (Carex radiata)
Eastern Star Sedge (Carex radiata)
Carex rosea (Rosy Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rosy Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 295).
Online Resources for Carex rosea:
Images
Rosy Sedge (Carex rosea)
Rosy Sedge (Carex rosea)
Carex scoparia (Broom Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broom Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016; 2018; 2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
120709052 (Observed: 6/6/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 288).
Online Resources for Carex scoparia:
Images
Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia)
Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia)
Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia)
Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia)
Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia)
Broom Sedge (Carex scoparia)
Carex sparganioides (Bur-reed Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bur-reed Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 295).
Online Resources for Carex sparganioides:
Carex spicata (Prickly Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Prickly Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 296).
Online Resources for Carex spicata:
Carex stipata (Awl-fruited Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Names: Awl-fruited Sedge; Prickly Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2019
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57575137 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 300).
Online Resources for Carex stipata:
Images
Awl-fruited Sedge (Carex stipata)
Awl-fruited Sedge (Carex stipata): close-up of inflorescence
Awl-fruited Sedge (Carex stipata): close-up of inflorescence
Awl-fruited Sedge (Carex stipata): close-up of inflorescence
Carex striatula (Lined Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lined Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Ants
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 250).
Online Resources for Carex striatula:
Carex stricta (Tussock Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Names: Tussock Sedge; Upright Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017; 2019-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
78280209 (Observed: 5/10/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 93).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 260).
Online Resources for Carex stricta:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Upright Sedge (Carex stricta)
Carex swanii (Swans Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Swan's Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 264).
Online Resources for Carex swanii:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Swan's Sedge (Carex swanii)
Swan's Sedge (Carex swanii)
Carex tribuloides (Blunt Broom Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blunt Broom Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018; 2021
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
123124229 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 90-91).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 289).
Online Resources for Carex tribuloides:
Images
Blunt Broom Sedge (Carex tribuloides)
Blunt Broom Sedge (Carex tribuloides)
Blunt Broom Sedge (Carex tribuloides)
Blunt Broom Sedge (Carex tribuloides)
Blunt Broom Sedge (Carex tribuloides)
Blunt Broom Sedge (Carex tribuloides)
Carex vulpinoidea (Fox Sedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fox Sedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2009; 2016-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 280).
Online Resources for Carex vulpinoidea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Fox Sedge (Carex vulpinoidea)
Fox Sedge (Carex vulpinoidea)
Cyperus esculentus (Yellow Nutsedge)
Group: Plants
- The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Yellow Nutsedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Undetermined
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 215).
Online Resources for Cyperus esculentus:
Cyperus squarrosus (Bearded Flatsedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bearded Flatsedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Online Resources for Cyperus squarrosus:
Cyperus strigosus (Straw-colored Flatsedge)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Straw-colored Flatsedge
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018-2021; 2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
88867085 (Observed: 7/27/2021)
32184310 (Observed: 9/5/2019)
32184765 (Observed: 9/5/2019)
57180465 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 219).
Online Resources for Cyperus strigosus:
Images
Straw-colored Flatsedge (Cyperus strigosus)
Straw-colored Flatsedge (Cyperus strigosus)
Straw-colored Flatsedge (Cyperus strigosus): close-up of inflorescence
Straw-colored Flatsedge (Cyperus strigosus): close-up of inflorescence
Straw-colored Flatsedge (Cyperus strigosus): close-up of flowers
Eleocharis erythropoda (Bald Spikerush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bald Spikerush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 206).
Online Resources for Eleocharis erythropoda:
Eleocharis obtusa (Blunt Spikerush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blunt Spikerush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2021-2023
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
83942063 (Observed: 6/21/2021)
95090726 (Observed: 9/16/2021)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 113).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 84).
Online Resources for Eleocharis obtusa:
Images
Blunt Spikerush (Eleocharis obtusa)
Blunt Spikerush (Eleocharis obtusa): inflorescence
Blunt Spikerush (Eleocharis obtusa): close-up of a mature achene
Blunt Spikerush (Eleocharis obtusa)): close-up of an immature achene
Eleocharis tenuis (Slender Spikerush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Slender Spikerush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017; 2019-2021
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
78296168 (Observed: 5/10/2021)
45921487 (Observed: 5/14/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 209).
Online Resources for Eleocharis tenuis:
Images
Slender Spikerush (Eleocharis tenuis): close-up of fruiting head
Slender Spikerush (Eleocharis tenuis)
Slender Spikerush (Eleocharis tenuis)
Slender Spikerush (Eleocharis tenuis): close-up of inflorescence
Slender Spikerush (Eleocharis tenuis): close-up of inflorescence
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (Softstem Bulrush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Softstem Bulrush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2018; 2021-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observa (Observed: 6/21/2021)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 56).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 204).
Online Resources for Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Softstem Bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)
Softstem Bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)
Softstem Bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani): close-up of a spikelet
Softstem Bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani): close-up of a older spikelet with a developing achene at the bottom of the spikelet
Scirpus cyperinus (Woolgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Woolgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017; 2019-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
95091542 (Observed: 9/16/2021)
88308016 (Observed: 7/23/2021)
53842687 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 87).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 196).
Online Resources for Scirpus cyperinus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus)
Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus)
Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus): young inflorescence
Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus): young inflorescence
Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus): young inflorescence
Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus): young inflorescence
Scirpus georgianus (Georgia Bulrush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Georgia Bulrush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016; 2018; 2020-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
83181958 (Observed: 6/14/2021)
52796987 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 197).
Online Resources for Scirpus georgianus:
Images
Georgia Bulrush (Scirpus georgianus)
Georgia Bulrush (Scirpus georgianus)
Georgia Bulrush (Scirpus georgianus)
Georgia Bulrush (Scirpus georgianus)
Georgia Bulrush (Scirpus georgianus)
Georgia Bulrush (Scirpus georgianus)
Georgia Bulrush (Scirpus georgianus)
Scirpus pendulus (Rufous Bulrush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rufous Bulrush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2021
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 198).
Online Resources for Scirpus pendulus:
Scirpus polyphyllus (Leafy Bulrush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Cyperaceae
Notes
Common Name: Leafy Bulrush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 198).
Online Resources for Scirpus polyphyllus:
Dioscorea villosa (Wild Yam)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Dioscoreaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Yam
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57564559 (Observed: 5/20/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 141).
Online Resources for Dioscorea villosa:
Images
Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa): fruits in the winter
Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa): fruits in the winter
Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa)
Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa): leaf upper surface
Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa): close-up of leaf base
Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa): leaf lower surface
Elodea nuttallii (Nuttalls Waterweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Hydrocharitaceae
Notes
Common Name: Nuttall's Waterweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1983-1984
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 235).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 126).
Online Resources for Elodea nuttallii:
Sisyrinchium angustifolium (Narrowleaf Blue-eyed Grass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Iridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Narrowleaf Blue-eyed Grass
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018; 2021-2023; 2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
288555661 (Observed: 6/10/2025)
118453617 (Observed: 5/23/2022)
79577436 (Observed: 5/20/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 169).
Online Resources for Sisyrinchium angustifolium:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Narrowleaf Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium)
Narrowleaf Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium): close-up of flower
Narrowleaf Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium): close-up of flower
Narrowleaf Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium): habit
Juncus effusus (Common Rush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Juncaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Rush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016-2026
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
119771697 (Observed: 6/1/2022)
52517392 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 105).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 190).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Juncus effusus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Rush (Juncus effusus)
Common Rush (Juncus effusus)
Common Rush (Juncus effusus)
Common Rush (Juncus effusus)
Common Rush (Juncus effusus)
Common Rush (Juncus effusus)
Juncus secundus (Lopsided Rush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Juncaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lopsided Rush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 192).
Online Resources for Juncus secundus:
Juncus tenuis (Poverty Rush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Juncaceae
Notes
Common Names: Poverty Rush; Slender Path Rush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020; 2022-2023
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
53833288 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 193).
Online Resources for Juncus tenuis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Poverty Rush (Juncus tenuis)
Poverty Rush (Juncus tenuis)
Poverty Rush (Juncus tenuis)
Poverty Rush (Juncus tenuis)
Poverty Rush (Juncus tenuis)
Luzula echinata (Hedgehog Woodrush)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Juncaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hedgehog Woodrush
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2024
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
41191803 (Observed: 4/26/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 184).
Online Resources for Luzula echinata:
Lemna minor (Common Duckweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Lemnaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Duckweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; General Zoochory; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
144416880 (Observed: 12/14/2022)
57797142 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
70520144 (Observed: 3/3/2021)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 168).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 124).
Online Resources for Lemna minor:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Duckweed (Lemna minor)
Common Duckweed (Lemna minor)
Common Duckweed (Lemna minor): underside of leaf
Allium tricoccum (Ramp)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Ramp
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2011; 2017-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
72392176 (Observed: 3/29/2021)
56962639 (Observed: 8/19/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 175).
Online Resources for Allium tricoccum:
Images
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)
Ramp (Allium tricoccum): close-up of infructescence
Ramp (Allium tricoccum): close-up of fruit
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)): close-up of inflorescence
Ramp (Allium tricoccum)): close-up of flower
Allium vineale (Wild Garlic)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Names: Wild Garlic; Field Garlic
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
162176629 (Observed: 5/2/2023)
83175998 (Observed: 6/15/2021)
50915486 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
61938763 (Observed: 10/6/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 175).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Allium vineale:
Images
Wild Garlic (Allium vineale)
Wild Garlic (Allium vineale)
Wild Garlic (Allium vineale)
Wild Garlic (Allium vineale)
Asparagus officinalis (Garden Asparagus)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Garden Asparagus
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 179).
Online Resources for Asparagus officinalis:
Erythronium americanum (Yellow Trout Lily)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Yellow Trout Lily
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2013; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
301558693 (Observed: 4/19/2025)
268421531 (Observed: 4/3/2025)
207677533 (Observed: 4/8/2024)
110758895 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
110758938 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
110759126 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
152650599 (Observed: 3/28/2023)
41792128 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
74678582 (Observed: 4/19/2021)
72773411 (Observed: 4/2/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 151).
Online Resources for Erythronium americanum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Yellow Trout Lily (Erythronium americanum)
Yellow Trout Lily (Erythronium americanum)
Yellow Trout Lily (Erythronium americanum)
Yellow Trout Lily (Erythronium americanum)
Galanthus nivalis (Common Snowdrop)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Snowdrop
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2022-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
107836720 (Observed: 3/3/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 174).
Online Resources for Galanthus nivalis:
Images
Common Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)
Common Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)
Common Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)
Common Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)
Common Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)
Hemerocallis fulva (Orange Daylily)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Orange Daylily
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017; 2021-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
73146646 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
Online Resources for Hemerocallis fulva:
Images
Orange Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva)
Orange Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva)
Orange Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva): flower
Orange Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva): floral buds
Orange Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva): close-up of flower
Hosta ventricosa (Blue Plantain Lily)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blue Plantain Lily
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Online Resources for Hosta ventricosa:
Images
Blue Plantain Lily (Hosta ventricosa)
Blue Plantain Lily (Hosta ventricosa)
Hypoxis hirsuta (Common Goldstar)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Goldstar
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 168).
Online Resources for Hypoxis hirsuta:
Leucojum aestivum (Summer Snowflake)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Summer Snowflake
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
277054305 (Observed: 4/30/2025)
Online Resources for Leucojum aestivum:
Images
Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum): Habit
Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum): Inflorescence
Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum): Close-up of inflorescence
Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum): Close-up of flower
Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum): Close-up of flower
Lilium canadense (Canada Lily)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canada Lily
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 152).
Online Resources for Lilium canadense:
Images
Canada Lily (Lilium canadense)
Liriope muscari (Big Blue Lilyturf)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Big Blue Lilyturf
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017-2018
Allelopathic: Yes
Online Resources for Liriope muscari:
Maianthemum racemosum (False Solomons Seal)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Names: False Solomon's Seal; Feathery False Lily Of The Valley; Solomon's Plume
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Smilacina racemosa (L.) DesfYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2021-2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
113171025 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
113171180 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
92392495 (Observed: 8/24/2021)
79315897 (Observed: 5/13/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 179).
Online Resources for Maianthemum racemosum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum)
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum)
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum): fruits
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum): fruits
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum): close-up of fruits
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum): habit
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum): inflorescence
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum): close-up of inflorescence
Feathery False Lily Of The Valley (Maianthemum racemosum): close-up of flower
Medeola virginiana (Indian Cucumber)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Indian Cucumber
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 151).
Online Resources for Medeola virginiana:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Muscari botryoides (Common Grape Hyacinth)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Grape Hyacinth
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2017; 2019; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Online Resources for Muscari botryoides:
Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Daffodil)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Daffodil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007-2008; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
107765501 (Observed: 3/1/2022)
40103348 (Observed: 3/16/2020)
73240323 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
Online Resources for Narcissus pseudonarcissus:
Images
Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
Ornithogalum umbellatum (Garden Star-of-Bethlehem)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Names: Garden Star-of-Bethlehem; Sleepydick
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007-2008; 2017-2019; 2024-2025
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
280829621 (Observed: 5/13/2025)
Online Resources for Ornithogalum umbellatum:
Images
Garden Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum)
Garden Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum)
Garden Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum)
Garden Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum)): close-up of flower
Garden Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum): close-up of developing fruits
Polygonatum biflorum (Smooth Solomons Seal)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smooth Solomon's Seal
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015; 2017-2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 180).
Online Resources for Polygonatum biflorum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Smooth Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum biflorum)
Polygonatum pubescens (Hairy Solomons Seal)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy Solomon's Seal
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2021-2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
131882277 (Observed: 5/6/2022)
77670073 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
74365751 (Observed: 4/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 181).
Online Resources for Polygonatum pubescens:
Images
Hairy Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum pubescens)
Hairy Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum pubescens)
Hairy Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum pubescens)
Hairy Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum pubescens)
Hairy Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum pubescens)
Scilla siberica (Siberian Squill)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Siberian Squill
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2008; 2022-2025
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
301560269 (Observed: 3/29/2025)
270467425 (Observed: 4/14/2025)
110759030 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
111224212 (Observed: 4/12/2022)
Online Resources for Scilla siberica:
Images
Siberian Squill (Scilla siberica)
Siberian Squill (Scilla siberica)
Siberian Squill (Scilla siberica)
Trillium cernuum (Nodding Trillium)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Names: Nodding Trillium; Whip-Poor-Will Flower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270801222 (Observed: 4/15/2025)
69818589 (Observed: 5/9/2018)
41857011 (Observed: 4/10/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 144).
Online Resources for Trillium cernuum:
Images
Whip-Poor-Will Flower (Trillium cernuum)
Whip-Poor-Will Flower (Trillium cernuum)
Whip-Poor-Will Flower (Trillium cernuum)
Uvularia perfoliata (Perfoliate Bellwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Perfoliate Bellwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2013; 2016-2023
Dispersed By: Ants
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
81415626 (Observed: 6/2/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 142).
Online Resources for Uvularia perfoliata:
Images
Perfoliate Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata)
Uvularia sessilifolia (Sessileleaf Bellwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sessileleaf Bellwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2016-2020; 2022; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 142).
Online Resources for Uvularia sessilifolia:
Veratrum viride (Cornhusk Lily)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Liliaceae
Notes
Common Names: Cornhusk Lily; Indian Poke; Green False Hellebore
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
42226870 (Observed: 4/14/2020)
77491995 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 108).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 147).
Online Resources for Veratrum viride:
Images
Indian Poke (Veratrum viride)
Indian Poke (Veratrum viride)
Epipactis helleborine (Broadleaf Helleborine)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Orchidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broadleaf Helleborine
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2019; 2021
Dispersed By: Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
13241196 (Observed: 6/8/2018)
Online Resources for Epipactis helleborine:
Images
Broadleaf Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine)
Galearis spectabilis (Showy Orchis)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Orchidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Showy Orchis
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
86315227 (Observed: 6/24/2021)
77434174 (Observed: 5/4/2021)
45017132 (Observed: 5/5/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 160).
Online Resources for Galearis spectabilis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Showy Orchid (Galearis spectabilis)
Showy Orchid (Galearis spectabilis)
Showy Orchid (Galearis spectabilis)
Showy Orchid (Galearis spectabilis)
Showy Orchid (Galearis spectabilis)
Platanthera flava var. herbiola (Palegreen Orchid)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Orchidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Palegreen Orchid
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 162).
Online Resources for Platanthera flava var. herbiola:
Platanthera lacera (Green Fringed Orchid)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Orchidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Green Fringed Orchid
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2009; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 162).
Online Resources for Platanthera lacera:
Spiranthes cernua (Nodding Ladys Tresses)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Orchidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Lady's Tresses
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 158).
Online Resources for Spiranthes cernua:
Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis (Northern Slender Ladys Tresses)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Orchidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Northern Slender Lady's Tresses
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Online Resources for Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis:
Tipularia discolor (Crippled Cranefly Orchid)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Orchidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Crippled Cranefly Orchid
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2008; 2013; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Gravity
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Notes: Various 'occurrences' of this species have been noted in the Gordon, but the locations weren't recorded. Currently, a single occurrence is known.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
88868904 (Observed: 7/27/2021)
69810933 (Observed: 8/11/2017)
39887673 (Observed: 3/12/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 165).
Wintergreen Species References:
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Tipularia discolor:
Images
Crippled Cranefly (Tipularia discolor)
Crippled Cranefly (Tipularia discolor)
Crippled Cranefly (Tipularia discolor)
Crippled Cranefly (Tipularia discolor)
Crippled Cranefly (Tipularia discolor)
Crippled Cranefly (Tipularia discolor)
Agrostis altissima (Tall Bentgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Bentgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 325).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Agrostis altissima:
Agrostis gigantea (Redtop)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Redtop
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 324).
Online Resources for Agrostis gigantea:
Agrostis hyemalis (Winter Bentgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Winter Bentgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2000
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 324).
Online Resources for Agrostis hyemalis:
Agrostis perennans (Upland Bentgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Upland Bentgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Agrostis altissima (Walter) Tuck.Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 325).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Agrostis perennans:
Alopecurus pratensis (Meadow Foxtail)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Foxtail
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 328).
Online Resources for Alopecurus pratensis:
Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Big Bluestem
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Nesting Materials
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 392).
Online Resources for Andropogon gerardii:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Andropogon gyrans (Elliotts Bluestem)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Elliott's Bluestem
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 392).
Online Resources for Andropogon gyrans:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Anatherum gyrans)
Andropogon virginicus (Broomsedge Bluestem)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broomsedge Bluestem
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Allelopathic: Yes
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Nesting Materials
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 392).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Andropogon virginicus:
Fire Effects Information System
iNaturalist (for the synonym Anatherum virginicum)
Anthoxanthum odoratum (Sweet Vernalgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sweet Vernalgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2019
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57573337 (Observed: 5/20/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 334).
Online Resources for Anthoxanthum odoratum:
Images
Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)
Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum): close-up of leaf sheath
Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum): close-up of ligule
Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum): inflorescence
Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum): young inflorescence
Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum): close-up of inflorescence
Sweet Vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum): close-up of inflorescence
Arthraxon hispidus (Small Carpetgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Small Carpetgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2022; 2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
127127656 (Observed: 7/20/2022)
Online Resources for Arthraxon hispidus:
Images
Small Carpetgrass (Arthraxon hispidus)
Small Carpetgrass (Arthraxon hispidus)
Small Carpetgrass (Arthraxon hispidus)
Small Carpetgrass (Arthraxon hispidus)
Brachyelytrum erectum (Bearded Shorthusk)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bearded Shorthusk
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016-2018
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 312).
Online Resources for Brachyelytrum erectum:
Bromus inermis (Smooth Brome)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smooth Brome
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 341).
Online Resources for Bromus inermis:
Fire Effects Information System
Bromus racemosus (Bald Brome)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bald Brome
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Bromus commutatus SchradYears Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); General Zoochory; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 343).
Online Resources for Bromus racemosus:
Bromus sterilis (Poverty Brome)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Poverty Brome
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 343).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Bromus sterilis:
Bromus tectorum (Cheatgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cheatgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat); Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 343).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Bromus tectorum:
Calamagrostis perplexa (Wood Reedgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wood Reedgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 326).
Online Resources for Calamagrostis perplexa:
Cinna arundinacea (Stout Woodreed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Names: Stout Woodreed; Sweet Woodreed
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2012; 2017-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 75).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 335).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cinna arundinacea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Cynodon dactylon (Bermudagrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bermudagrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Online Resources for Cynodon dactylon:
Dactylis glomerata (Orchardgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Orchardgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Dactylis glomerata:
Danthonia spicata (Poverty Oatgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Poverty Oatgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 364).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Danthonia spicata:
Fire Effects Information System
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Tapered Rosette Grass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tapered Rosette Grass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Panicum acuminatum Sw.Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 372).
Online Resources for Dichanthelium acuminatum:
Fire Effects Information System
Dichanthelium boscii (Boscs Panicgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bosc's Panicgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Ants
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 373).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Dichanthelium boscii:
Images
Bosc's Panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii)
Bosc's Panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii)
Bosc's Panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii)
Bosc's Panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii)
Dichanthelium clandestinum (Deertongue)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Deertongue
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Panicum clandestinum L.Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2022
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
131886796 (Observed: 8/19/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 373).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Dichanthelium clandestinum:
Dichanthelium dichotomum (Cypress Panicgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cypress Panicgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Panicum dichotomum L.Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 375).
Online Resources for Dichanthelium dichotomum:
Dichanthelium latifolium (Broadleaf Rosette Grass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broadleaf Rosette Grass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 375).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Dichanthelium latifolium:
Images
Broadleaf Rosette Grass (Dichanthelium latifolium)
Broadleaf Rosette Grass (Dichanthelium latifolium)
Broadleaf Rosette Grass (Dichanthelium latifolium)
Broadleaf Rosette Grass (Dichanthelium latifolium)
Broadleaf Rosette Grass (Dichanthelium latifolium)
Broadleaf Rosette Grass (Dichanthelium latifolium)
Digitaria ciliaris (Southern Crabgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Southern Crabgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2018; 2020
Notes: To date: a single occurrence noted. Growing along the PECO right-of-way.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57680790 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
Online Resources for Digitaria ciliaris:
Images
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris)
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris)
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris): close-up of inflorescence
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris): close-up of inflorescence
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris): close-up of inflorescence
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris): close-up of ligule
Digitaria ischaemum (Smooth Crabgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smooth Crabgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat)
Online Resources for Digitaria ischaemum:
Digitaria sanguinalis (Hairy Crabgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy Crabgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat); Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 367).
Online Resources for Digitaria sanguinalis:
Echinochloa crus. galli (Barnyardgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Barnyardgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018; 2020-2021; 2023-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179144484 (Observed: 8/18/2023)
95089499 (Observed: 9/16/2021)
55823968 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 81).
Online Resources for Echinochloa crus-galli:
Images
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli): close-up of inflorescence
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli): close-up of inflorescence
Eleusine indica (Indian Goosegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Indian Goosegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Water
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57677231 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
Online Resources for Eleusine indica:
Images
Indian Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)
Indian Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)
Indian Goosegrass (Eleusine indica): close-up of inflorescence
Indian Goosegrass (Eleusine indica): close-up of ligule
Elymus glabriflorus (Southeastern Wildrye)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Southeastern Wildrye
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration:
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Online Resources for Elymus glabriflorus:
Elymus repens (Quackgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Quackgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex NevskiYears Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Online Resources for Elymus repens:
Eragrostis minor (Little Lovegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Little Lovegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Online Resources for Eragrostis minor:
Eragrostis pectinacea (Tufted Lovegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tufted Lovegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 354).
Online Resources for Eragrostis pectinacea:
Eragrostis spectabilis (Purple Lovegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Purple Lovegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 354).
Online Resources for Eragrostis spectabilis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Festuca rubra (Red Fescue)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Red Fescue
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 320).
Online Resources for Festuca rubra:
Fire Effects Information System
Festuca subverticillata (Nodding Fescue)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Fescue
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Festuca obtusa BiehlerYears Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
46965011 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
Online Resources for Festuca subverticillata:
Glyceria striata (Fowl Mannagrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fowl Mannagrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 314).
Online Resources for Glyceria striata:
Holcus lanatus (Common Velvetgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Velvetgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Holcus lanatus:
Hordeum jubatum (Squirreltail)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Squirreltail
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2020; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
53779199 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
Online Resources for Hordeum jubatum:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Squirreltail (Hordeum jubatum)
Squirreltail (Hordeum jubatum): inflorescence
Squirreltail (Hordeum jubatum): inflorescence
Squirreltail (Hordeum jubatum): close-up of inflorescence
Leersia oryzoides (Rice Cutgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rice Cutgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018-2019
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
39927781 (Observed: 9/11/2019)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 83).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 78).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 310).
Online Resources for Leersia oryzoides:
Images
Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides)
Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides)
Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides)
Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides)
Rice Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides)
Leersia virginica (Whitegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Whitegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 310).
Online Resources for Leersia virginica:
Images
Whitegrass (Leersia virginica)
Whitegrass (Leersia virginica)
Whitegrass (Leersia virginica)
Leptochloa fusca (Malabar Sprangletop)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Malabar Sprangletop
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Wind
Online Resources for Leptochloa fusca:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Diplachne fusca)
Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Perennial Ryegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial, Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Online Resources for Lolium perenne:
Microstegium vimineum (Japanese Stiltgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Stiltgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1994; 1996; 2000; 2004-2005; 2007-2009; 2011-2025
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310245862 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
183748157 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
50584039 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
58656024 (Observed: 9/4/2020)
Online Resources for Microstegium vimineum:
Images
Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) dominating an edge habitat in the Gordon
Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)
Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)
Miscanthus sinensis (Chinese Silvergrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Chinese Silvergrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2016; 2018-2023; 2025-2026
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: An invasive species. A single clump noted in the meadow below the Route 202 ramp at the eastern edge of the GNA.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179865041 (Observed: 8/23/2023)
32580277 (Observed: 9/11/2019)
42665114 (Observed: 12/8/2016)
Online Resources for Miscanthus sinensis:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis)
Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis)
Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis)
Chinese Silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis)
Muhlenbergia schreberi (Nimblewill)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Nimblewill
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 359).
Online Resources for Muhlenbergia schreberi:
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Slimflower Muhly)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Slimflower Muhly
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 360).
Online Resources for Muhlenbergia tenuiflora:
Panicum anceps (Beaked Panicgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Beaked Panicgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
55847232 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 381).
Online Resources for Panicum anceps:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Coleataenia anceps)
Images
Beaked Panicgrass (Panicum anceps): close-up of inflorescence
Beaked Panicgrass (Panicum anceps): close-up of inflorescence
Beaked Panicgrass (Panicum anceps): close-up of inflorescence
Beaked Panicgrass (Panicum anceps)
Beaked Panicgrass (Panicum anceps)
Beaked Panicgrass (Panicum anceps)
Panicum dichotomiflorum (Fall Panicgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fall Panicgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007-2008; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Human Activities
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 382).
Online Resources for Panicum dichotomiflorum:
Images
Fall Panicgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Fall Panicgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Fall Panicgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Fall Panicgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Fall Panicgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Fall Panicgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Fall Panicgrass (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Panicum gattingeri (Gattingers Panicgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Gattinger's Panicgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Online Resources for Panicum gattingeri:
Panicum philadelphicum (Philadelphia Panicgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Philadelphia Panicgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 384).
Online Resources for Panicum philadelphicum:
Panicum virgatum (Switchgrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Switchgrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Panicum virgatum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Paspalum laeve (Field Paspalum)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Paspalum
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 388).
Online Resources for Paspalum laeve:
Paspalum setaceum (Thin Paspalum)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Thin Paspalum
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 388).
Online Resources for Paspalum setaceum:
Phalaris arundinacea (Reed Canarygrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Reed Canarygrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2022-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
120698224 (Observed: 6/7/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 77).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 322).
Online Resources for Phalaris arundinacea:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)
Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)
Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)
Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)
Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)
Phleum pratense (Timothy)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Timothy
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Online Resources for Phleum pratense:
Phragmites australis (Common Reed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Reed
Growth Habit: Graminoid, Shrub, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Notes: At this time, a single population known for the Gordon: growing in the weedy area between the forest edge and the Grounds Department 'Organic Materials Processing Area.'
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
53102164 (Observed: 7/14/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 72).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 349).
Online Resources for Phragmites australis:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Common Reed (Phragmites australis)
Common Reed (Phragmites australis): close-up of the sheath
Common Reed (Phragmites australis): close-up of the ligule
Common Reed (Phragmites australis): remains of the prior year's infructescence
Common Reed (Phragmites australis): remains of the prior year's infructescence
Phyllostachys aureosulcata (Yellow Groove Bamboo)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Yellow Groove Bamboo
Growth Habit: Shrub, Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Year Noted: 2022-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
141707659 (Observed: 11/11/2022)
Online Resources for Phyllostachys aureosulcata:
Images
Yellow Grove Bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata): habit
Yellow Grove Bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata): close-up of leaf bases
Yellow Grove Bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata): close-up of node
Yellow Grove Bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata): close-up of yellow 'stripe' on the culm
Yellow Grove Bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata): close-up of yellow 'groove' on the culm
Phyllostachys bambusoides (Japanese Timber Bamboo)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Timber Bamboo
Growth Habit: Graminoid, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2008; 2016-2025
Online Resources for Phyllostachys bambusoides:
Images
Japanese Timber Bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides)
Japanese Timber Bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides)
Japanese Timber Bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides)
Poa alsodes (Grove Bluegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Grove Bluegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 337).
Online Resources for Poa alsodes:
Poa annua (Annual Bluegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Annual Bluegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007-2008; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Bats; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Online Resources for Poa annua:
Poa autumnalis (Autumn Bluegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Autumn Bluegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 337).
Online Resources for Poa autumnalis:
Poa compressa (Canada Bluegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canada Bluegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Poa compressa:
Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Kentucky Bluegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 339).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Poa pratensis:
Fire Effects Information System
Poa sylvestris (Woodland Bluegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Woodland Bluegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 340).
Online Resources for Poa sylvestris:
Poa trivialis (Rough Bluegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rough Bluegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2017-2020
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
51618863 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
57581008 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
Online Resources for Poa trivialis:
Images
Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis)
Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis)
Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis)
Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis)
Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis)
Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis)
Puccinellia distans (Weeping Alkaligrass)
Group: Plants
- The origin of the species is uncertain (i.e., both Native and Introduced populations are known for the Lower 48 States, or, only the plant has only been identified to genus and both native and introduced representatives of the genus are known for Pennsylvania)
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Weeping Alkaligrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Undetermined
Year Noted: 2017-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 330).
Online Resources for Puccinellia distans:
Schedonorus arundinaceus (Tall Fescue)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Fescue
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Synonyms: Festuca elatior L. ssp. arundinacea (Schreb.) Hack.Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Allelopathic: Yes
Online Resources for Schedonorus arundinaceus:
Fire Effects Information System
Schedonorus pratensis (Meadow Fescue)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Fescue
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Festuca elatior L.Year Noted: 2004
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Schedonorus pratensis:
Fire Effects Information System
Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Little Bluestem
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Nesting Materials
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 392).
Online Resources for Schizachyrium scoparium:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Setaria faberi (Japanese Bristlegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Bristlegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967-2000; 2004; 2007-2008; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
Allelopathic: Yes
Online Resources for Setaria faberi:
Images
Japanese Bristlegrass (Setaria faberi)
Japanese Bristlegrass (Setaria faberi)
Japanese Bristlegrass (Setaria faberi)
Japanese Bristlegrass (Setaria faberi)
Setaria parviflora (Marsh Bristlegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Marsh Bristlegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Setaria geniculata (Wild.) P. BeauvYears Noted: 2004; 2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 387).
Online Resources for Setaria parviflora:
Setaria pumila (Yellow Foxtail)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Yellow Foxtail
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2020
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57181754 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
Online Resources for Setaria pumila:
Images
Yellow Foxtail (Setaria pumila)
Yellow Foxtail (Setaria pumila): inflorescence
Yellow Foxtail (Setaria pumila): close-up of the inflorescence
Yellow Foxtail (Setaria pumila): inflorescence
Yellow Foxtail (Setaria pumila): close-up of the inflorescence with condensation
Setaria viridis (Green Bristlegrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Green Bristlegrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Allelopathic: Yes
Online Resources for Setaria viridis:
Sorghastrum nutans (Indiangrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Indiangrass
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2016; 2018-2024
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Nesting Materials
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137416160 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
32184056 (Observed: 9/5/2019)
62080495 (Observed: 10/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 391).
Online Resources for Sorghastrum nutans:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans): inflorescence
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans): close-up of leaf sheath
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans): ligule
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans): close-up of underside of leaf
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans): inflorescence
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans): close-up of spikelets
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)
Sphenopholis intermedia (Slender Wedgescale)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Slender Wedgescale
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 333).
Online Resources for Sphenopholis intermedia:
Tridens flavus (Purpletop Tridens)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Poaceae
Notes
Common Name: Purpletop Tridens
Growth Habit: Graminoid
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61767647 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 350).
Online Resources for Tridens flavus:
Images
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus)
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus)
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus)
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus)
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus)
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus): close-up of leaf sheath
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus): inflorescence
Purpletop Tridens (Tridens flavus): close-up of spikelets
Smilax glauca (Cat Greenbrier)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Smilacaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cat Greenbrier
Growth Habit: Shrub, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2017-2018; 2020
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
65954281 (Observed: 12/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 148).
Online Resources for Smilax glauca:
Images
Cat Greenbrier (Smilax glauca)
Cat Greenbrier (Smilax glauca)
Smilax herbacea (Smooth Carrionflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Smilacaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smooth Carrionflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 148).
Online Resources for Smilax herbacea:
Images
Smooth Carrionflower (Smilax herbacea)
Smooth Carrionflower (Smilax herbacea)
Smilax pulverulenta (Downy Carrionflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Smilacaceae
Notes
Common Name: Downy Carrionflower
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 149).
Online Resources for Smilax pulverulenta:
Smilax rotundifolia (Roundleaf Greenbrier)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Smilacaceae
Notes
Common Name: Roundleaf Greenbrier
Growth Habit: Vine, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1971; 1984; 2004; 2007-2008; 2015-2018; 2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
109240229 (Observed: 3/22/2022)
106571606 (Observed: 2/11/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 149).
Online Resources for Smilax rotundifolia:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Roundleaf Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia)
Roundleaf Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia)
Roundleaf Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia)
Roundleaf Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia)
Typha latifolia (Broadleaf Cattail)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Monocots
Family: Typhaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broadleaf Cattail
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2013; 2017-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58657353 (Observed: 9/4/2020)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 71).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 61).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 183).
Online Resources for Typha latifolia:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Broadleaf Cattail (Typha latifolia)
Broadleaf Cattail (Typha latifolia)
Broadleaf Cattail (Typha latifolia)
Juniperus communis (Common Juniper)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Gymnosperms
Family: Cupressaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Juniper
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2025-2026
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
327181781 (Observed: 11/18/2025)
Online Resources for Juniperus communis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Juniperus virginiana (Eastern Redcedar)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Gymnosperms
Family: Cupressaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: pëpxòkwës.
Common Name: Eastern Redcedar
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2020; 2023-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310255727 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 102).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 293-295).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 114).
Online Resources for Juniperus virginiana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)
Pinus strobus (Eastern White Pine)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Gymnosperms
Family: Pinaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: kuwe.
Common Name: Eastern White Pine
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2013; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
85456218 (Observed: 7/2/2021)
46768269 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 132).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 260-262).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 109).
Online Resources for Pinus strobus:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)
Taxus cuspidata (Japanese Yew)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Gymnosperms
Family: Taxaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Yew
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2018; 2020-2021
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Notes: In the Gordon, only known from seedlings.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
71481354 (Observed: 3/24/2020)
Online Resources for Taxus cuspidata:
Images
Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata)
Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata)
Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata)
Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata)